History of Geodesy

account statement of GeodesyAssignment 1 History of GeodesyComplete the pursuit magazineline by providing champion important figure in the history of geodesy for each designated time period. Please include their name, nationality, and scientific function/importance. 18 points600 BC 200 ADName EratosthenesNationality Greek (Born in townsfolk of Cyrne which is now the town in Libya) contribution founder of Geodesy measured size of the country obliquity of spin axis map of the world unrivaled interconnected ocean100 1500 ADName Giordano BrunoNationality Italian theatrical role proposed that the stars were just distant suns surrounded by their own exoplanets and raised the happening that these planets could even foster support of their own , the universe is in concomitant infinite and could have no celestial body at its center, fire at the stake in Rome on February 19, 1600 for belief in heliocentric theory and new(prenominal) ideas1600 ADName Tycho BraheNationality Dan ishContribution improved observational methods used triangulation in 1589 to determine distance to island.1700 ADName NewtonNationality BritishContribution theory of gravitation predicted human creations should be oblate1800 ADName FoucaultNationality FrenchContribution gyroscope pendulum demonstrated Earth spins on axis.1900 ADName EinsteinNationality GermanContribution General Theory of Relativity concept of gravity as the geometry of space-timeProvide a brief description of each of the following global geodetic institutions. At a minimum, include their website and why they argon important. 8 pointsInternational Federation of Surveyors(FIG)This international organization was naturalized in 1878 with the involve to ensure that examine disciplines and all those associated with surveying meet the needs of the markets and communities. This organization represents the interest of worldwide surveyors which bids an international forum for discussion and professional developmen t. Currently, it represents to a greater extent than 120 countriesThe vision of FIG is A modern and sustainable surveying profession in support of society, environment and economy by providing innovative, accredited and best practice solutions to our rapidly changing and complex world, acting with integrity and confidence about the usefulness of surveying, and translating these words into action.Website www.fig.netInternational Union of Geodesy and Geophysics(IUGG)This international organization is dedicated to the promotion and coordination of scientific studies of earth which includes physical, chemical and maths study and its environment in space which includes shape, dynamics, gravity, and magnetic fields, tectonic and earthquakes etcetera It was established in 1919 and is one of the 32 scientific aggregate indoors International Council for Science.Website http//www.iugg.orgInternational Association of Geodesy(IAG)This promotes scientific cooperation and research in geodesy on a global scale. It is one of the active member of IUGG which is one of the 32 scientific union within international council for science. The mission of the Association is the publicity of geodesy.Website http//www.iag-aig.orgInternational Earth Rotation and Reference Systems andReference Systems Service(IERS)This international organization was established in 1987 by the international Astronomical union and the international union of Geodesy and geophysics. It was renamed to International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service in 2003.The objectives of the IERS be to serve astronomical, geodetic, and geophysical communities by providing standards, constants and models, geophysical data to interpret time /space variation, earth p informant parameters required to study earth orientation variation, and international Celestial Reference System and international Terrestrial reference system.Website https//www.iers.orgRead an article from a geodesy journal that you find intere sting and provide a one to two paragraph summary of the article including a proper reference and citations. Upload a PDF of the original article to the engagement 1 drop box. 24 pointsThe recent discoveries of m both other earth ilk exoplanets have raised a question about Earth cosmos only living planet in the universe. Are there any other planets which are suitable for life to start? The requirement of life on any planet is piss. Living organism cannot exist without water. oblige and temperature on the planet should be in a specific array to get the liquid water. Pressure moldiness be significantly higher(prenominal) and the temperature should be between freezing and boiling point. This condition is much more(prenominal) impossible in other existing planets or yet to be discovered. Various classes of livable planets are classified where class I habitats represents Earth like planet where stellar and geophysical conditions allow water and fair weather to be available. Clas s II habitats do not have expertness to sustain liquid water on their surface due to geophysical conditions, e.g. Mars and Venus. Class III habitats are planet where water exists at a lower place the surface which Interact directly with silicate-rich core. The interaction of silicate and hydrothermal activities are assumed to be real important for the origin of life in such planets, e.g. Europa and one of Jupiters satellites. And class IV habitats are very rich in water with oceans lying above a solid ice layer. The oceans are mentation to be enclosed between ice layers where the possibility of life is very thin. The other condition to be a habitable planet is being at the right distance from a star and having the right tune. It must have an atmosphere which keeps the pressure and temperature in the right range. However, the experience of human being is not yet sufficient to estimate the nature and habitual conditions of legion(predicate) others planets. The Earth, in the oth er hand has a combination of favorable conditions among other planets for the life. It will be possible in the future to learn more about the exoplanets atmosphere because of the projects like earth-based telescopic observations, the James Webb Space telescope. However, discovering and characterizing the atmosphere of habitable planets will remain challenging.(Forget, 2013)ReferenceForget, F. (2013, July). On the probability of habitable planets. International Journal of Astrobiology, 12(3), 177-185. doihttps//doi.org/10.1017/S1473550413000128

The Portrait Of ED Students Pronunciation Education Essay

The Portrait Of ED Students orthoepy Education attemptIntroductionThis chapter reveals the backdrop of engross up, fuss statement, purpose of the arena and the benefit of the study. The explanations of these split atomic number 18 presented belowPronunciation is one of the to the highest degree alpha liaisons that students thrust to master in order to communicate appropriately and fluently. According to Fangzhi (199839), that it is classic to pay help to orthoepy since it results in whether or non souls cognitive content female genital organ be passed or not by other(a) people. more(prenominal) over, Gilbert (cited in Otlowsky, 20043) verbalize that if whatsoeverone potbellynot hear slope well, she or he is cut off from the run-in. And if someone footnot be understood easily, she or he is cut off from conversation with native speakers. We can settle from the statements above that orthoepy crock ups a significant effect to the meaning of what someone tell s.However, almost all side of meat memorizeers rack up little attempt to teach orthoepy in any overt way and only give attention to it in passing.In ideal condition, students in ED bet to corroborate good orthoepy because they be taught by using English as their speech. As cited in Buku Pedoman Akademik FBS 2005/2006, students in English Department atomic number 18 expected to be able to speak and write English correctly. precisely in fact, base on the observation and informal talks some(prenominal) with lectures and students do by the investigateer, students still have bad orthoepy. For example, it is hard to regard MC with good orthoepy in ED. Many students speak wrong when they atomic number 18 in their thesis examination and so on.Considering this situation, the researcher is concerned in conducting this study to find out ED students orthoepy depicting and its importee to the principle and knowledge of English.1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONSBased on the background o f the study above, the research questions atomic number 18 divided into both, they areMajor questions1.) What is the characterization of ED students pronunciation?2.) What is the implication of students pronunciation portrait towards the direction and learning of English?Minor questionsHow do ED students learn pronunciation?Does the students generate tongue affect students pronunciation?What are general mistakes that students oftmultiplication make?What are the causes contri onlye to the mistakes of the students pronunciation?Is students pronunciation influenced by American English or British English?1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe purposes of the study based on the research questions above are divided into1. Major purposesThe major purposes are 1.) to describe the portrait of ED students pronunciation, 2.) to find out the implication of students pronunciation portrait towards the belief and learning of English2. Minor purposesThe nipper purposes are 1.) to investigate the way ED students learn pronunciation, 2.) to analyze whether the students flummox out tongue affect students pronunciation or not, 3.) to figure out the mistakes that students often make in producing survives, 4.) to investigate the causes that contri only whene to the students pronunciation mistakes , and 5.) to analyze whether students pronunciation is influenced by American English or British.1.4 BENEFIT OF THE STUDYThe results of the study are hoped to give an input for the institution, to enrich the research in pronunciation field. And it can help ED students who are interested in conducting the related to research.1.5 PREVIOUSLY RELATED STUDYThe previously related study was through by Ros Dwi Wahyuni whose thesis title was The Pronunciation of Second Grade Students of SMU 77 in 2005. She conducted her study using a case study as her approach, therefrom the results of her study can not be generalized for the constitutional population. The entropy were gat here(predicate)d by using interviews and pronunciation see from declination 2004 until January 2005 and procedureed using rank order correlation formula. The results of her study showed that most participants were intelligible in recognizing the lyric poem in their voice communication and the participants in addition had convinced(p) strength towards pronunciation and the teaching of pronunciation.CHAPTER IILITERATURE REVIEWThis chapter consists of the comment of pronunciation, related issues on TEFL and pronunciation, background of teaching pronunciation, principles for pronunciation teaching, the areas of English pronunciation, pronunciation teaching, and factors touch on students pronunciation.2.1 Definition of pronunciationPronunciation is the most important thing that we have to master. Otherwise, people cannot receive the message we say. According to Penny Ur (2001), old salt C. Richard (2002), Pronunciation is the ponderous of the language, or phonology stress and rhythm and flip- flop contour and includes the role of individual chokes and segmented and higher up segmental practiceds. Moreover, Otlowski (20041) stated that Pronunciation is a way that is accepted or generally understood. From those statements above, we can end that pronunciation is the way of someone produces segmental and supra segmental sound that is accepted or generally understood.2.2 Related Issues on TEFL and Pronunciation there are some(prenominal) problems that related to pronunciation and TEFL, such as in ED there is no subject that tensenesses on pronunciation. Indeed, there are some simple and enjoyable exercises to practice pronunciation. According to Jenkins (2007) mentioned on her article, planetary English and Teaching Pronunciation, that an implication global English for pronunciation teaching that is students should be given plenty of exposure in their pronunciation classrooms to other non-native accents of English so that they can understand then easily make up if a speaker has not yet managed to acquire the core features. For EIL, this is more important than having classroom exposure to native speaker accents. It fashion that students should have non-native accents of English in order to help them understand what the speaker instrument even though he or she can not study the RP pronunciation.Moreover, Griffiths (2007), Integrating Pronunciation into Classroom Activities, found that addressing issues (pronunciation) regularly during the language feedback or group correction stage of lesson helps to focus learners attention on its importance and lead to more positive experiences. He also described that pronunciation fix can be kept simple and employ exercises which are both glide pathible and enjoyable for students, whatever their level is. Whenever students do a freer speaking activity, the main aim is usually at breaking their intercommunicate fluency in the language. However, the activity also serves to work on students the true t hrough the feedback we give them on their use of language. It means that lecturers should give the feedback on students pronunciation regularly so that students pass on have positive attitude towards the pronunciation.Based on those statements above, Okita (2007), Teaching Pronunciation, concluded the activities that can be passed in teaching pronunciation are 1.) explaining Daniel Jones phonemic symbols, using a chart of English vowels and consonants 2.) using negligible pair exercises 3.)getting learners to memorize pronunciation patterns to visit on which vowel the primary stress is placed in a word, and 4.)distinguishing the differences in the sounds of a vowel or consonant in a given word.2.3 Background to the teaching of pronunciationThere are terzetto main orientations proposed by Nunan (2003, p.112-113) in pronunciation teachingListen guardedly and double what I say (1940s-1950s). In this orientation, the activities are students are to repeat the words said by their teacher for several times. The problem that can be raised in this orientation is that students differ in how efficaciously they are able to really counten to and discern the sound constitution of anew languageLets analyze these sounds terminationly to figure out how to say them clearly (1960s-19701s). The teacher compares features of the sound system of English with features of their native languages. It is done in order to get students accustomed to International Phonetic first principlelets start using these sounds in activities as soon as we can while I impart cues and feedback on how well youre doing (1980s and beyond). The teacher gives chances to the students to use the sounds which they are right in producing.2.4 Principles for Teaching PronunciationIn the teaching of pronunciation, there are fin principles, according to Nunan (2003, p. 115-117) , which are stated five principles of pronunciation teaching, they areFoster intelligibility during ad-lib speech. Teachers n eed to keep gentility the students intelligibility to get them concentrate to label words while they are doing the spontaneous speech.Keep emotional considerations firmly in mind. Teachers need to give affective support to their students in order not to make them have feared to develop new pronunciation habits.Avoid the teaching of individual sounds in isolation. tolerant students chances to communicate meaningfully with their friends are more interesting, enjoyable, and memorable activities. If the teachers provide such activities, in the long run, have more impact on upward(a) students speech intelligibility.Provide feedback on learner progress. Teachers should support students efforts, guide them, provide cues for their enhancement. Unless, students would un sure where they need to place their energies.Realize that ultimately it is the learner who is in control of changes in pronunciation. According to Morley (1994, p.89), teacher is only as a language coach who supplies d ata gives models from time to time sets high stands provides a wide variety of practice opportunities and encourages the learner.2.5 The Areas of English PronunciationThe areas of English pronunciation are categorized into two, they are segmental (e.g. English consonant and vowel sounds) and supra segmental (e.g. stress, linking, weak forms, intonation), Rajadurai (2001 25). Parker adds (2000 25) rhythm, reduction, and deletion are included as supra segmental features.The controversial issues about which areas of pronunciation are important to be taught came arise. According to Rajadurai (200113) teaching supra segmental is less cute than the teaching of segmental areas. However, Harmer (2002183) disagrees with what Rajadurai stated. He claims that overt teaching of supra segmental areas particularly gives improved comprehension and intelligibly. Wahba (1998 32-33) supported this statement, he claimed that that if learners are aware that there is a stress pattern in English words, and the pitch of the voice can convey the meaning, they will know what to pay attention to and can build basic awareness. In conclusion, both of segmental and supra segmental areas of teaching give significant effect in affecting students pronunciation.2.6 Pronunciation TeachingPronunciation teaching is important to ED students, but in fact there is no lesson which focuses on pronunciation. Indeed, pronunciation can increase the quality of students speaking as Harmer stated (2001183) that pronunciation teaching not only makes students aware of different sound and sound features (and what these mean), but also improve their speaking immeasurably.In order to teach pronunciation, here are the three kinds of pronunciation practices which are most widely apply by English teacher to help students improve their pronunciation borderline pair drills. This is a pair of utterance-usually short- which differs in meaning, but which are hardly alike in sound except in one point. The students ar e to pronounce pairs of words which differ in pronunciation only in one respect, such as bid/bId/ big/bIg, and sound/saund/ round/raund (Deterding and Pudjosoedarmo 199877)A series of isolated sentences. These have concentration of the sound to be practiced, but they are not sentences frequently employ in everyday conversation, Fangzhi (199838). For example aiMike tried five times to get the prizeFive times five is twenty-five saliva twisters. Playing with words is particularly useful for the students who have unique pronunciation problems.Ball (20038) gives examples of tongue twistersShe sells seashells on the seashoreRed lorry yellowed lorryIf a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose?They esteem that it is Thursdays the thirtiethFangzhi (199838) concluded that the practices above are good for introducing English sound to beginners and also good for building a strong basic pronunciation. These pronunciation practices might be succeeded in helping students to improve pronunc iation but not in sequence. Students who are trained in these ways be given to make more pronunciation errors when speaking spontaneously.Not only that, Celce Murcia, et.al. (19962) introduced two approaches that can be applied in helping students pronunciation improvement, they areAn intuitive-imitative approach. It talks about the students ability to listen to and imitate sounds of a stain language. He or she also can make imitate the pronunciation of other people in television, radio, songs, and so forthAn analytic-linguistic approach. It recognizes the importance of incumbrance of pronunciation in language acquisition. Using this approach, teacher is to identify students problem in pronouncing the foreign language by providing pedagogical aidsBeside that, Nunan (2003) also gave us teaching strategies to teach pronunciation that consists ofOpenness to change. Teacher film learner to discuss problem areas that are faced. It is important to build learners agency and attend the ir emotional needs as a non-native speakerContextualized minimal pairs. Teaching pronunciation by distinguishing between specifically targeted sounds, stress patterns, or intonation patterns through the use of minimal pairsGadgets and props. Learners are to analyze the words on their sustain, and to practice saying words by using their tools in coordination with their pronunciation stress syllables.Slow motion speaking (SMS). SMS allows learners to view close up, and to imitate, the teachers way of producing specific sounds in contextTracking. Languages learner are not being asked to repeat after the put down voice, but to try to say the words presented in the transcript concurrent with the voices they are listening to.Techniques from romp and theater arts. Popular plays and screenplays can be interesting sources of pronunciation workPronunciation teaching is not as easy as the stated statements above, it has obstacles too. Because of that, Otlowsky suggestedpronunciation should be integrated into other subjects orienting to communicatory competency than linguistic skill especially in segmental and supra segmental phoneme ,Morley (1991, p.481-520)listening comprehension and pronunciation have close relationship ,Gilbert (1984, p.1) and Nooteboom (1983, p.183-194) stated that there is a strong impact of speech perception to speech productionthe best technique should involve teachers and students as speech trainer or trainer, Morley (1991, p.507)intelligible pronunciation is seen as essential component of communicative competence, Morley (1991, p.513)2.7 Factors Affecting Students PronunciationSometimes we, as the non-native speaker, made mistakes in pronouncing words. It is because the several things, such as the differences in pronunciation area so that we are not accustomed to produce the sounds. As stated by Ur (2001, p.52) that some causes affect pronunciation mistakes 1.) substitute second language with first language sound because there is no in first language 2.) realise wrong perception on second language sounds because the sound is an allophone in first language 3.)use a stress pattern and first language intonation when pronouncing second language in order to create a strange accentCHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter reveals the methodology used by the researcher, including research design consists of time, place, and the subjects of the study data collection process and data analysis.RESEARCH DESIGNSince the study focuses on describing the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzing the implication of students pronunciation towards the teaching and learning of English, the method will be used in this study is descriptive analytical interpretive.This research does not make any intervention and judgment. It only describes the portrait of ED students pronunciation and analyzes its implication towards the teaching and learning of English. This study also describes how ED students learn their pronunciation and wh ether their mother tongue affects their pronunciation or not.This study applies two methods of data collection that are by recording the political campaign of English phoneme and doing the interview. The test of English phoneme consists of the list of words those are vowels, diphthongs, turn on thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. The interview is designed to get more specific information to answer the research questions. Both data collected by means of test of English phoneme and interview will be analyzed with descriptive analysis interpretive.Descriptive analytical interpretiveThe study used a descriptive analytical interpretive method. Yin cited in Tunisa (2008) and Ardi (2009) mentioned that descriptive cases require that the writer begins with a descriptive surmisal, or face the possibility that problems will fleet during the project. Surakhmad (1990140) stated two features of descriptive studyMemusatkan diri pada pemecahan masalah-masalah yang a da pada masa sekarang, pada masalah-masalah aktualData yang dikumpulkan mula-mula disusun, dijelaskan dan kemudian dianalisa (karenaitu metode in sering pula disebut metode analitik. Surakhmad (1990140)It can be concluded that to implement descriptive study, the study has to (1) focus on solving the past and actual issues then (2) the collected data is ordered, explained, and then analyzed (that is why this is often called an analytical method).Geoff Walsham said on his presentation that according to Orlikowski and Baroudi (1991) interpretive studies assume that people cerate and associate their own subjective and intersubjective meanings as they interact with the world around them. Interpretive researchers thus attempt to understand phenomena through accessing the meanings participants assign to them. This definition is based on the ground thatThe interpretive research approach towards the relationship between theory and practice is that the researcher can never assume a value-neut ral stance, and is invariably implicated in the phenomena being studied.There is no direct access to reality unmediated by language and preconception.Walsham (1993) himself states that interpretive methods of research start from the position that our knowledge of reality, including the domain of human action, is a social whirl by human actors and that this applies equally to researchers. Thus there is no aim reality which can be discovered by researchers and replicated by others, in contrast to the assumptions of positive science.PopulationThe population of the study was the whole of ED classes at State University of capital of Indonesia.SampleThe samples of this study were the students from 2005, 2006, and 2007 both from educational and non-educational students. situation and placeThe study was conducted at English Department of State University of Jakarta from December 2008 to April 2009.InstrumentsTwo kinds of instruments are designed for data collection. They are test of Engl ish phoneme and interview list.1.) Test of English PhonemeThe test of English phoneme is consisted of the list of words that are categorized into vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. Then, students are asked to pronounce them using tape recorder.2.) Interview listThe interview for this study is designed as a structured interview. The questions in the interview list are designed based on the research questions in chapter I.3.2 DATA ingathering PROCESSThe data collection was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. The data in this study consisted of information collected by using test of English phoneme, and interview list. The collected data using an English test phoneme was conducted on December 2008 until April 2009. Meanwhile, the data from interview was done by taking notes (face-to-face individually) and move via e-mail.DATA ANALYSISThe researcher analyzed the data by the side by side(p) steps. The first was checking da ta completeness the data interpreted were the recorded ED students pronunciation. The recorded data contains vowels, diphthongs, trip thongs, consonants, consonant clusters, stress, and intonation. To classify the data, the writer analyzed the pronunciation into the transcript based on the participants entrance year. The second was grouping data by making them in the table presentation based on the data source. The third was comparing the data in each stratum by comparing the data, the writer would find the sovereign and the less dominant made by students in pronouncing the sound. The forth was putting groups of data in order from the more dominant data to the less ones. The last was the taken data was interpreted based on the findings.

Relationships: Reading Material & Student Workbook

human kinships Reading Material & Student WorkbookLove YourselfBe kind to yourself when you make mis walk let outs. Re ph anyus no sensation is perfect.Stop flavor towards otherwises for approval. Look inside yourself, and kip d avow every part of you.You shouldnt wholeow other community to tell you who you atomic number 18. You atomic number 18 the only one who sight purpose that.You withdraw to love yourself offset before you piece of tail genuinely love others.Family TimeQuality time is time spent doing an activity that is substantive to the whole family.You settle close your family from the time you cast to extendher.The learning outgrowth causes place in the many daily t carrys of smell done as a family. LikeEating meals to lightherTalking everyplace the old age activitiesDealing with ch every(prenominal)engesInteracting with sight outside the familyIdeas for family activities_For Example.Make Tuesday nighttime the family game night or start a sensitiv e family tradition.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Sibling RivalryWhat ca uses cognate rivalry?Birth OrderBrothers vs. sistersAgeP arntal attitudeTips to eliminate liquidateting into a fight with your brother or sister unendingly stop, breathe, and think before arguing.Remind yourself that you prevail special talentss.Try to appraise your siblings for their acquirements sh be their pride.Past experiences with my siblings how I could ask handled them un wantly or lend oneself external______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thoughts for how I could supremely handle other situations with my siblings_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________The Teen YearsThe jejune years are the or so ch both(prenominal)enging years for families.Remember your parents pull up s take aways ever be your parents and still devote authority of what you do in fra their roof.Follow the curfew set and go to bed that parents leave alone always worry about you especially if you are late. telephone call them when youre going to be late.Effective conversation is key. If parents olfactory perception that you are finding them in the loop, you volition gain more of their self-confidence and respect.Believe it or non parents do distinguish what is better(p) for you so listen and learn from them.Learn from their life experiences.Choose wisely when selecting your group of allys and/or boyfriend. You are who you hang out with. You will take on their characteristics within one months time.Repeat and AcknowledgeRepeat and adjudge is a communication tool that will help to identify the very problem and allow both parties to fully acknowledge the other psyches timber and concerns with out an argument.Role Play RulesTwo participants A Giver and a ReceiverGiver speaks a tonicityingReceiver states back and ask for corrections, What I hear you swearing is.. Is this correct?If the Giver answers YES the Receiver will own, acknowledge and validates the givers tonicityings,If the Giver answers NO The Receiver will repeat shout one until they come to a YES.Choose Your Friends WiselyYour friends cook such a powerfulnessful influence over your attitude, reputation and direction.The need to be judge and part of a group is very powerful.Too oft friends are chosen based on whoever will accept us.Its hard, just now somewhattimes it is better to put one over no friends for a time than to clear the wrong friends.The wrong group can lead you down all kinds of paths you rightfully dont demand to be on.You can look for friends anywhere they dont have to be the same age as you. You can be friends with your parents, your grandparents, cousins, etcetera Anyone who shares your interests and will be there for you is a friendQualities to Look For In a Friend somewhatone you can trust.Someone who encourages you to succeed and achieve and celebrates your successes.A psyche of nigh character (honest, sincere, loyal, respectful, responsible).Peacefully resolves conflicts.Has strong convinced(p) relationships with his or her parents and other adults.Serious about school.Knows how to make plans and set goals.Has a positive view of the future.Gets along with many different people.Kind and com wild. prise himself or herself.Avoids dangerous situations.Takes positive risks.Gives back to the community and serves others.Is a positive influence on yourself and others.Qualities I feel are important when look for a friend___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________Qualities I want to avoid when looking for a friend_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Qualities that I will have as a friend to others_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Develop Lifelong F riendships While in CollegeDeveloping lifelong friendships whitethorn be one of the most rewarding aspects of college life.Friendship StatisticsBetween the ages of 15 and 25 is when most people establish lifelong friendships.Singles move to rely on friends for companionship.Best friends usually become an extended family.College friends are somewhat different than friends from high school because you bond in different ways. You whitethorn bond during late night study sessions, making dinner party together, or during long drives home. Theyre somewhat the like your family away from home. Some friends whitethorn make sure that you wake up in time for your midterm examination or make you soup when youre sick. During college there are a diversity of ways to develop these friendships, which have the potential of becoming lifelong friendships. alert with RoommatesSometimes many students make lifelong friendships with their roommates. If you have a goodish experience with your roommate d uring your first year of college, you may want to stretch living with that roommate. You may withal decide to live with other people as well. Sharing a house or an apartment allows you to spend time with people and really get to know who they are. You may learn things that only their families know about them like how long they take in the shower or what kinds of odd things they like to eat. Living together also provides opportunities for a lot of inside jokes, which can create even stronger bonds. You may also become closer when one of you becomes sick, and the parental instinct kicks in. join a ClubBy joining a club, you may be able to find people who share similar interests. Usually college campuses declare a variety of clubs like those that are associated with academic majors, public interests, politics, music, or shell outers. There are also fraternities and sororities at different colleges. Clubs provide an probability to catch people outside of the classroom, and the o pportunity for you to get involved with something that youre passionate about. Being involved in extracurricular activities may also tranquilize some of your stress.Making Friends for LifeDeveloping lifelong friendships does take some time. Dont be discouraged if the first couple of people you meet dont manoeuvre out to be the type of friends you were hoping for. You may need to keep on trying to meet new people. You may make friends with people who you wouldnt have considered being friends with before. If you feel uneasy about the friends you have made, try to commemorate what you liked about your friends from high school. Keep yourself surrounded by good people who share similar goals to help you stay on track. baffling DecisionsYou are young, free and have your whole life before you. You have to select which path you take in lifeDo you want to go to college or graduate school?Should you try out for that aggroup?What type of friends do you want to have?Who will you date?What value will you choose?What will you stand for?What kind of relationship do you want with your family?How will you contrisolelye to your community?When The Going Gets ToughThe clod challenges are conflicts between doing the right thing and doing the easier thing. They are the key tests, the delimit moments of life and how you handle them can literally shape your life. They come in ii kinds, small challenges and major challenges.Small Challenges occur daily and are easier to conquer. They include things likeGetting up when your alarm rings unconditional your temperDisciplining yourself to do your homework.Overcoming spending urges and saving money.If you can conquer yourself and be strong during these challenges your days will run much more smoothly. curtly enough, these moments will prove to have less and less power over your life.Major Challenges occur every so ofttimes in life and include things likeChoosing good friends differing negative coadjutor pressingRebounding after wards a major setbackParents divorcingGetting cut from a teamThese challenges have huge consequences and a lot strike when youre least prepared for them. If you make out that these moments will come then you can be prepared for them and meet them head on. mate force per unit areaWhat is mate Pressure?It is the pressure, stress or strain we all feel from friends and classmates to act, behave, think and look a accepted way. This kind of pressure can cover everything from fashion to sex and dating.Peer pressure can be negative, where someone is coerced into doing something that they know is wrong (e.g. drugs, smoking, or pressure to have sex) or it can be positive, for example, a immature whose friends are all high achievers in school will feel pressure to also be successful.Beware of friends that take carem to be friends but really are non. They may try to take advantage of you.Do unto others as you would want them to do unto you. They may do some things to you that you would never do to them.Who is Affected By Peer Pressure?Anyone can be affected by equal pressure however, teens with low-self esteem are most likely to fall victim to negative peer pressure.Overcoming Peer PressureSome of the hardest moments come when facing peer pressure. aphorism no when all of your friends are saying yes takes raw courage. Sometimes peer pressure can be so strong that the only way to resist it is to train yourself entirely from the environment youre in. This is especially true if you are involved with a gang, sorority, or a tight group of friends.To overcome peer pressure, youve got to care more about what you think of you than what your peers think of you.So Why is Peer Pressure so Hard to Resist?It is because you want to belong. Everyone wants to feel accepted by some sort of a group.Thats why teens are often willing to go through brutal hazing rituals to become a member of a club or get heavy into drugs or potable in order to fit into a particular group.Sometime s you only when need a wake-up call to snap out of it.Why do Teens Pressure Other Teens to do Things?Some teens believe that manipulating people to do things they shouldnt gives them a sense of visualise over others.Some teens are suspicious and envious of what you have, but only want to be more like you.Some teens think its cool to try to get away with doing things that are wrong just to see if you will side with them.Some teens use pressure to get whats best for them, even though they know that the government issue wont be good for you. This is very self-centered thinking.How do You walkway Away from Peer Pressure when you Know its Having a Negative match on you?The idea that everyones doing it, so it must be cool is not always true. Dont go along if you are uncomfortable with the idea.Ignore the person. look out with people who dont pressure you to do risky things.Even though its tough to say no you can do it if you believe in yourself. Try it and see how good it makes you feel. Often, you will find others agreeing with you.It can really make things a lot easier if you have at least one other friend who is on your side.Make up your mind in front that certain things in life will always be a definite NO like drugs, cigarettes, lying and stealing.Remember that the values that your parents taught you will make you stronger in handling peer pressure and you can always use them as your excuse as why you wont do something.Since it is sooner difficult to always say no to friends, try and choose likeminded people as friends.Refuse to let yourself down. If you can think of peer pressure as letting yourself down, it becomes easier to combat it. It will make you feel more confident and raise your own self -esteem.Ways to Resist Negative Peer PressureWalk away.Ignore the person appropriate that the person must be joking. (What a riot You are so funny.)Say no calmly but firmly.Say no and give a reason (No. Cigarette smoke makes me sick.)Say no and state a value o r belief thats important to you. (No. Ive obdurate not to have sex until I get married.)Say no and warn about the possible consequences. (No way We could all get expelled.)Say no and change the subject. (No, Im not interested. Say, what did you think of that stunt Clarisse pulled in math class today?)Say no and offer a positive alternative. (No thanks, Ill pass. Im going for a bike ride. deprivation to come?)Say no and ask a question. (No Why would I want to do that?)Say no and use humor. (Forget it. Id rather go assume on the freeway its safer.)Say no and obtain some pressure of your own. (No. Hey, I always thought you were smarter than that.) distribute your feelings. (I dont like being around people who are drinking.) occasion your parents as an excuse. (My dad would kill me if I ever did that.)Stick up for yourself. (Im not going to do that. It wouldnt be good for me.)Confront the person. (I cant believe youd ask me to do that. I thought you were my friend.)Call another frie nd to help you.Always have an out a Plan B. (Sorry, I cant come to the party. I promised my sister Id take her to a movie.)Make an excuse. (Gotta run. I told my mom Id clean my room.)Laugh.Hang out with people who dont pressure you do to risky things.Ask a peer mediator to help.Tell an adult.Trust your instincts. If something doesnt feel right, it probably isnt right.Avoid the person from then on.Just Say NOWhy is NO, a two letter word, so hard to say?Say No it may be tough, but believe in yourself and often you will find others agreeing with you.Practice saying NO for all the right reasons.Role play saying NO with a family member or a friend. erstwhile you say NO understand that there is no going back. tribe will eventually respect you more for standing up for yourself.Saying NO crockeds you can feel more in control of your life.List any suggestions from class for avoiding peer pressure_____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Not all peer pressure is bad. If you can find friends who put positive pressure on you to be your best, then hang on to him or her for lamb life, because you have someone very special.If your self-confidence and self-respect is low, how can you look to have the strength to resist?Make a promise to yourself and keep itHelp someone in needDevelop a talentRenew YourselfEventually youll have sufficient strength to follow your own path instead of going down the beaten path.Dating hundred and oneBe promiscuous with yourself about what kind of qualities you ideally want in the opposite sex based upon your needs and values.Once you set the qualities you need, ne ver wavier from them.Know what personality characteristics and values you want your date to have.Be clear with yourself about your minimum requirements and what you will and wont be satisfied with.Dont be misled by what you see in the beginning.Dont make a long-term loyalty during the first phase of the relationship.You should also delay committing yourself to the person until after you have had an argument or two.Your potential partner needs to get to know you, so be visible, open and honest from the beginning.Suggested similarities for better relationshipsSimilar content beliefs and values regarding ethics, morals, religion and spiritual issues.Contents and style of life.Desire and need for affection and togetherness.Standards of cleanliness and order.Beliefs regarding division of labor and responsibilities.Level of need and desire for fond activities.Amount of involvement with others.Types and frequency of activities.Characteristics Qualities I am looking for in a relationshi p__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________As I date, I have wise to(p) that I want_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________As I date, I have lettered that I dont want____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Healthy Vs. Un firm RelationshipsWhat Makes a Healthy Relationship?Mutual respectThe key is that your significant other is into you for who you are for your great(p) sense of humor, your love of reality TV, etc. Does your partner listen when you say youre not comfortable doing something and then back off right away? Respect in a relationship means that each person values who the other is and understands and would never challenge the other persons boundaries.TrustIts ok to get a little grabby sometimes jealousy is a natural emotion. But how a person reacts when he or she feels jealous is what matters. Theres no way you can have a healthy relationship if you dont trust each other.HonestyThis one goes hand-in-hand wi th trust because its tough to trust someone when one of you isnt being honest.SupportIts not just in good times that your partner should support you. Some people are great when your whole world is going well, but cant take being there when things are going wrong. In a healthy relationship, your significant other isthere with a shoulder to cry on whenyou find out your parents are getting divorced and to celebrate with you when you get the lead in a play.Fairness/equalityYou need to have give-and-take in your relationship, too. Do you take turns choosing which new movie to see? As a couple, do you hang out with your partners friends as often as you hang out with yours? Youll know if it isnt a fair balance. Things get bad really fast when a relationship turns into a power struggle, with one person fighting to get his or her way all the time.Separate identitiesIn a healthy relationship, everyone needs to make compromises. That doesnt mean you should feel like youre losing out on being y ourself. When you started going out, you both had your own lives your own families, friends, interests, hobbies, etc. and that shouldnt change. Neither of you should have to pretend to like something you dont, give up seeing your friends, nor drop out of activities you love. You also should feel free to keep developing new talents or interests, making new friends, and moving forward.Good communicationYouve probably heard lots of tweet about how men and women dont seem to speak the same language. We all know how many different meanings the little phrase no, nothings wrong can have, depending on whos saying it But whats important is to ask if youre not sure what he or she means, and speak honestly and openly so that the miscommunication is avoided in the first place. Never keep a feeling bottled up because youre afraid its not what your BF or GF wants to hear or because you worry about sounding silly.What Makes an unhealthy Relationship?A relationship is unhealthy when it involves mean, disrespectful, controlling, or abusive behavior. Some people live in homes with parents who fight a lot or abuse each other emotionally or physically. For some people who have grown up around this kind of behavior it can almost seem normal or ok. Its not Qualities like humanity and respect are absolute requirements for a healthy relationship. Someone who doesnt and have this part down may need to work on it with a trained therapist before he or s

Formal And Informal Framework Of Policies And Rules Commerce Essay

baronial And In dinner dress Frame proceeding Of Policies And Rules Commerce undertakeOrganizational Structure stool be define as the ceremonious and in full-dress frame stool of policies and rules, at bottom which an organization arranges its lines of authority and communications, and allocates veraciouss and duties. Organizational complex body part de lineines the manner and extent to which roles, proponent, and responsibilities argon delegated, controlled, and coordinated, and how randomness flows between levels of charge. This complex body part depends solo on the organizations objectives and the strategy chosen to achieve them. In a centralized structure, the last making power is c erstntrated in the top stage of the management and tight control is exercised over departments and di mountains. In a change structure, the decision making power is distri scarcelyed and the departments and divisions turn over varying degrees of autonomy. An organization map illustra tes the organizational structure 1.An example of organizational Structure as shown chassis 1.1 2ORGANIZATIONAL CULTUREOrganizational socialisation is an idea in the orbital cavity of Organizational studies and management which describes the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values ( somewhatbodyal and cultural values) of an organization. It has been defined as the circumstantial collection of values and norms that atomic number 18 shared by battalion and assorts in an organization and that control the federal agency they interact with each otherwise and with stakeholders international the organization.This definition continues to explain organizational values as well know as beliefs and ideas near what sortings of goals members of an organization should pursue and ideas more or less the appropriate mercifuls or archetypes of doings organizational members should hold up to achieve these goals. From organizational values take on organizational norms , guidelines or expectations that prescribe appropriate kinds of behaviour by employees in point situations and control the behaviour of organizational members towards wiz some other.Organizational civilization is non the alike as corporate finishing. It is wider and deeper concepts, nighthing that an organization is rather than what it has. 31.2 RELATION B/W ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND CULTUREThe literature has suggested that structure and kitchen-gardening in constitutions exist in close alignment. Structure is one of the determinants of culture conversely, culture has been shown to have an regularize on the organisational structure and operational systems in an organisation. some(prenominal) are mechanisms for the coordination of organisations structure as an integrating mechanism for organisational activities, and culture as an integrating mechanism concerned with behaviour and values inwardly organisations.Organisations and idiosyncratics essential an understandi ng of these mechanisms in order to manage uncertainty in the face of ever-changing markets and military control conditions. An useful alignment of structure and culture provides a means of getting battalion to work unitedly to tint strategic goals and achieve an organisations vision.Together they provide a focus to enable organisations and individuals to debase uncertainty, variability and ambiguity, so providing a framework for acting in a unchanging manner. Structure and culture have overlapping functions, but one mechanism is not necessarily a substitute for the other. Both are wished.The literature also shows no one pattern or right way for the development of a relationship between structure and culture. However, it offers m both examples of this relationship generated by a range of variable factors wrong and outside organisations.In one example, ONeill, Beauvais and Scholl (2001) propose that antithetical organisations face unalike problems in cut organisational var iability. Variable structural factors much(prenominal) as the complexity of lines and the geographic dispersal of employees act to increase uncertainty. They demand different responses steady within similar cultures.Likewise, differences in organisational culture substructure explain w here(predicate)fore organisations in the same indus prove, with similar structures, can be quite different. This goes some way to explain why TAFEs, with similar structures, and which exist in the same system, can still vary astray in the way they operate.From another perspective, Hodge, Anthony and Gales (1996) observe that while an organisation might authorise a dinner gown structure, an loose structure not necessarily sanctioned by the organisation also exists. This in dress structure, whose interactions are shaped by culture and sub-cultures, comes about in part because of ambiguity in the ceremonious design or because of changes in conditions the organisation faces. This further explain s some of the operating variability within RTOs. 41.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT WORKIt is the quality of the employees workplace environment that some impacts on their level of motivation and subsequent effect. How well they engage with the organization, oddly with their immediate environment, influences to a great extent their error rate, level of unveiling and collaboration with other employees, absenteeism and, ultimately, how long they stay in the business organisation. Many studies have revealed that some employees leave their organization because of the relationship with their immediate supervisory program or manager.So, what are the workplace environment factors that exigency to be taken into stipulation by any serious manager? Described below are the signalize factors and how each can be utilized by supervisors and managers to climb performance. naturaliseplace Performance FactorsGoal-settingInvolve employees in setting meaningful goals and perfor mance measures for their work. This can be through with(p) informally between the employee and their immediate supervisor or as part of an organizations formal performance management process. The key here is that each employee is actively engaged in the goal-setting process and takes self-control of the last agreed goals and measures.Performance feedbackRegularly feed back to employees information on how they are performing. This should consist of both coercive feedback on what the employee is doing right as well as feedback on what requires improvement.Role congruityWork to ensure that the role that the employee is required to perform is consistent with their expectations on connective the organization and any subsequent training. The organizations role expectations are typically reflected in formal documents, such as Job Descriptions and Role Specifications. These expectations should be consistent with tasks allocated by the employees immediate supervisor.Defined processesMan y errors, defects and customer complaints are the resolving of poor process management. Constrain the variability of how work is actually perform finished documenting processes and communicating such expectations to employees. Verify on a regular or random basis that the work is actually performed in the way required. on with goal setting, getting employees to help define and improve processes is a effectual probability for engagement.Workplace incentivesDetermine what motivates your employees in particular and set up formal and informal structures for issueing employees that behave in the way required. Rewards may consist of a mix of inseparable rewards, such as challenging assignments, and outer rewards, such as grittyer compensation and peer recognition. supervisor supportAct as advocates for employees, gathering and distributing the resources needed by them in order for them to be able to do a tidy job. adjacent supervisors and managers need to display the inter soul fulnessal skills required to engage employees and enhance their self-confidence. This includes providing positive encouragement for a job well done.Mentoring/coachingMake easy to employees skilled and respected good deal to help them perform better in their current role and to assist them develop further into a here afterwards role. Mentors and coaches may be internal to an organization or external. Either way, they impart need to possess the necessary facilitation skills to assist employees apply existing sills and develop new skills.Resource availabilityThe vast majority of employees take surcharge in their work and try hard to do a good job. Make sure that individual workloads and organizational systems and processes do not relaxze employees from applying established skills or from practicing newly learned skills. Adequate time and visible resources need to be available to enable them to perform to the best of their ability. bills is not a sufficient motivator in encourag ing the prize workplace performance required in todays competitive business environment. Managers and supervisors provide need to be comfortable with on the job(p) with the whole gamut of workplace factors that influence employee motivation. Last but not least, to drive their organizations to peak performance managers and supervisors moldiness come in out front the gracious face of their organization. Paramount here is the human-to-human interaction through providing individualized support and encouragement to each and every(prenominal) employee 5TASK 22.1 ORGANIZATION THEORY PRINCIPLLES AND praxisS OF ORGANISING AND MANAGEMENT leading is submit as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a jet task. Definitions more inclusive of followers have also emerged. Alan Keith of Genentech assure that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for spate to hand to making something extraordinary p ass Tom DeMarc says that chairman call for to be distinguished from posturing.Contexts of drawing cardshipLeadership in organizationsAn organization that is established as an instrument or means for achieving defined objectives has been referred to as a formal organization. Its design specifies how goals are subdivided and reflected in subdivisions of the organization. Divisions, departments, sections, sights, jobs, and tasks make up this work structure. Thus, the formal organization is expected to behave impersonally in regard to relationships with clients or with its members. According to Webers definition, entry and subsequent advancement is by merit or seniority. Each employee receives a salary and enjoys a degree of tenure that safeguards her/him from the peremptory influence of superiors or of powerful clients. The higher his position in the hierarchy, the great his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization. It is this bureaucratic structure that forms the basis for the appellative of heads or chiefs of administrative subdivisions in the organization and endows them with the authority attached to their position. In contrast to the appointed head or chief of an administrative unit, a leader emerges within the context of the informal organization that underlies the formal structure. The informal organization expresses the personal objectives and goals of the individual membership. Their objectives and goals may or may not coincide with those of the formal organization. The informal organization represents an extension of the social structures that broadly roughageize human life the spontaneous emergence of groups and organizations as ends in themselves.Leaders emerge from within the structure of the informal organization. Their personal qualities, the demands of the situation, or a combination of these and other factors attract followers who accept their le adership within one or several(prenominal) overlay structures.Leadership versus managementOver the years the philosophical terminology of management and leadership have, in the organisational context, been used both as synonyms and with fleetly differentiated meanings. Debate is clean common about whether the use of these terms should be restricted, and generally reflects an ken of the distinction made by Burns (1978) between transactional leadership (characterised by eg emphasis on procedures, contingent reward, management by exception) and transformational leadership (characterised by eg charisma, personal relationships, creativityLeadership by a groupIn contrast to individual leadership, some organizations have adopted group leadership. In this situation, more than one person provides direction to the group as a whole. Some organizations have taken this onrush in hopes of increasing creativity, reducing costs, or downsizing. A common example of group leadership involves cross -functional groups. A team of people with diverse skills and from all parts of an organization assembles to lead a go steady. A team structure can involve sacramental manduction power equally on all issues, but more unremarkably uses rotating leadership. The team member(s) best able to handle any devoted leg of the project become(s) the temporary leader(s). Additionally, as each team member has the opportunity to experience the elevated level of empowerment, it energizes staff and feeds the cycle of success.62.2 COMPARE several(predicate) APPROACHES TO MANGEMENT AND THEORIES OF ORGANIZAING USED BY TWO ORGANIZATIONYou should be able to tot the quantitative approach to managementDescribe the contributions of the early organizational appearance advocatesExplain the importance of the Hawthorne Studies to managementDescribe the effects of globalization, workforce diversity, entrepreneurship, e-business, need for innovation and flexibility, quality management, learning organizati ons, and knowledge managementAcademic Disciplines that touch on ManagementAnthropology work on cultures and social environmentsEconomics concern about the allocation and distribution of scarce resourcesPhilosophy examines the nature of thingsPolitical scholarship effect of political environment on individuals and groupsPsychology seeks to measure, explain, and change human behaviorSociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beingsscientific MANAGEMENT F.W. Taylor Principles of Scientific ManagementUse of scientific systems to define the one best way for a job to be done purview of improving the productivity and efficiency of manual workersApplied the scientific method to shop floor jobsFrank and Lillian GilbertUse of motion pictures to airfield hand-and-body movementsTherbligs classification system for 17 basic hand motions7TASK 33.1 DIFFERENT LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESSThere are a be of different approaches, or styles to leadership and mana gement that are based on different assumptions and theories. The style that individuals use will be based on a combination of their beliefs, values and preferences, as well as the organizational culture and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others.Charismatic LeadershipThe Charismatic Leader gathers followers through dint of personality and charm, rather than any form of external power or authority 8.Participative LeadershipA Participative Leader, rather than taking autocratic decisions, seeks to involve other people in the process, possibly including subordinates, peers, superiors and other stakeholders.The question of how much influence others are given consequently may vary on the managers preferences and beliefs, and a whole spectrum of union is possible, as in the table below 9.Highly participative Autocratic decision by leaderLeader proposes decision, listens to feedback, then decidesTeam proposes decision, leader has terminal decisionJoint decision wit h team as equalsFull charge of decision to teamSituational LeadershipWhen a decision is needed, an effective leader does not just fall into a single preferred style, such as using transactional or transformational methods. In practice, as they say, things are not that simple.Factors that affect situational decisions include motivation and capability of followers 10.Yukl (1989) seeks to combine other approaches and identifies six variables 11* rate effort the motivation and actual effort expended.* Subordinate ability and role clarity followers knowing what to do and how to do it.* Organization of the work the structure of the work and utilization of resources.* Cooperation and cohesiveness of the group in working together.* Resources and support the availability of tools, materials, people, etc.* External coordination the need to collaborate with other groups.Transactional LeadershipThe transactional leader works through creating clear structures whereby it is clear what is requir ed of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following orders. Punishments are not forever and a day mentioned, but they are also well- unsounded and formal systems of discipline are usually in place 12.Transformational LeadershipTransformational Leadership starts with the development of a vision, a view of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. This vision may be develop by the leader, by the senior team or may emerge from a broad series of discussions. The crucial factor is the leader buys into it, hook, line and sinker 13.The Quiet LeaderThe approach of quiet leaders is the antithesis of the classic charismatic (and often transformational) leaders in that they base their success not on ego and force of character but on their thoughts and actions 14.In personal humility they put the eudaemonia of others before their own personal needs, for example giving others credit after successes but taking personal responsibility for failures 14 15.Serv ant LeadershipThe handmaiden leader serves others, rather than others serving the leader. Serving others thus comes by dower them to achieve and improve.There are two criteria of servant leadershipThe people served grow as individuals, worthy healthier, wiser, more autonomous and more probable themselves to become servants (Greenleaf, 1977) 16.The extent to which the leadership benefits those who are least advantaged in fraternity (or at least does not disadvantage them).Spears (2002) lists listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, commitment to growth of people, and mental synthesis community 17.EFFECTIVENESS OF LEADERSHIPA leader is a person who influences a group of people towards a particularized result. It is not capable on title or formal authority.Leaders are know by their capacity for caring for others, clear communication, and a commitment to stop 18.An individual who is appointed to a managerial position has th e right to ascertain and enforce obedience by virtue of the authority of his position. However, she or he must possess adequate personal attributes to match his authority, because authority is whole potentially available to him.In the absence of sufficient personal competence, a manager may be confronted by an emergent leader who can challenge her/his role in the organization and reduce it to that of a figurehead. However, nevertheless authority of position has the backing of formal sanctions. It follows that whoever wields personal influence and power can legitimize this totally by gaining a formal position in the hierarchy, with commensurate authority 19.Leadership can be defined as ones ability to get others to willingly follow. Every organization needs leaders at every level 20.3.2 MOTIVATIONAL THEORIESMOTIVATION motivating is to inspire people to work, individually or in groups in the ways such as to produce best results. It is the will to act. It is the willingness to exe rt high levels of effort towards organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts and ability to satisfy some individual need. pauperization is getting somebody to do something because they want to do it. It was once assumed that motivation had to be injected from outside, but it is now understood that everyone is prompt by several differing forces.Motivation is a general term applied to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes and similar forces. To say that managers motivate their subordinates is to say that they do those things which they hope will satisfy these drives and desires and induce the subordinates to act in a desired manner.In the initiation a person starts sprightliness lackness. There is an arousal of need so urgent, that the bearer has to venture in search to satisfy it. This leads to creation of tension, which urges the person to forget everything else and cater to the turned on(p) need foremost. Because of the performance of the activity satisfactio n is achieved which than relieves the tension in the individual 21.THEORIESSome of the theories that are used for the motivation process are discussed as under 22.1. Jeremy Benthams The Carrot and the Stick ApproachBenthams view was that all people are self-interested and are motivated by the desire to avoid annoyance and find pleasure. Any worker will work only if the reward is big enough, or the punishment sufficiently unpleasant. This view the carrot and raise up approach was built into the philosophies of the age and is still to be found, especially in the older, more traditional sectors of industry.For centuries, however, they were too often thought of as the only forces that could motivate people. At the same time, in all theories of motivation, the inducements of some kind of carrot are recognized. Often this is money in the form of tolerate or bonuses2. Abraham Maslows Need Hierarchy scheme mavin of the most widely mentioned theories of motivation is the hierarchy of n eeds conjecture put forth by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow saw human needs in the form of a hierarchy, move from the lowest to the highest, and he concluded that when one set of needs is satisfied, this kind of need ceases to be a motivator.As per his theory these needs are(i) Physiological needsFood, water, warmth, shelter, sleep, medicine and education are the basic physiological needs which fall in the primary list of need satisfaction.(ii) security department or Safety needsThese are the needs to be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property, food or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm.(iii) Social needsPeople try to satisfy their need for affection, acceptance and friendship.(iv) Esteem needsAccording to Maslow, once people begin to satisfy their need to belong, they tend to want to be held in esteem both by themselves and by others. It includes both internal esteem factors like self-respect, autonomy and achievements and external esteem factors such as states, recognition and attention.(v) Need for self-actualizationIt is the drive to become what one is capable of becoming it includes growth, achieving ones potential and self-fulfilment. It is to maximize ones potential and to accomplish something.3. possibility X and Theory Y of Douglas McGregorMcGregor, in his book The Human side of Enterprise states that people inside the organization can be managed in two ways. The first is basically negative, which falls under the category X and the other is basically positive, which falls under the category Y.On analysis of the assumptions it can be detected that theory X assumes that lower-order needs dominate individuals and theory Y assumes that higher-order needs dominate individuals. An organization that is run on Theory X lines tends to be authoritarian in nature, the word authoritarian suggests such ideas as the power to enforce obedience and the right to command. In contrast Theory Y organization s can be described as participative, where the aims of the organization and of the individuals in it are integrated individuals can achieve their own goals best by directing their efforts towards the success of the organization.4. Contributions of Elton MayoThe work of Elton Mayo is famously known as Hawthorne Experiments. He conducted behavioural experiments at the Hawthorne Works of the American western sandwich Electric Company in Chicago. Although this research has been criticized from many angles, the central conclusions raddled were* People are motivated by more than pay and conditions.* The need for recognition and a sense of belonging are very important.* Attitudes towards work are strongly influenced by the group.5. The Porter and Lawler ModelLyman W. Porter and Edward E. Lawler developed a more complete version of motivation depending upon expectancy theory. existent performance in a job is primarily determined by the effort spent. exactly it is also affected by the pers ons ability to do the job and also by individuals perception of what the required task is.6. justness TheoryAs per the equity theory of J. Stacey Adams, people are motivated by their beliefs about the reward structure as being mediocre or unfair, relative to the inputs. People have a tendency to use subjective judgment to balance the outcomes and inputs in the relationship for comparisons between different individuals. AccordinglyIf people perceive that they are rewarded higher, they may be motivated to work harder.7. Reinforcement TheorySkinner states that work environment should be made suitable to the individuals and that punishment actually leads to frustration and de-motivation. Hence, the only way to motivate is to keep on making positive changes in the external environment of the organization.8. Goal Setting Theory of Edwin LockeThe goal setting theory states that when the goals to be achieved are set at a higher standard than in that case employees are motivated to perform better and put in maximum effort. It revolves around the concept of Self-efficacy i.e. individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a hard task.MOTIVALTIONAL THEORY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICEThe job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees. To do this the manager should be able to motivate employees. But thats easier said than done Motivation practice and theory are strong subjects, touching on several disciplines 23.Human nature can be very simple, yet very complex too. An understanding and appreciation of this is a prerequisite to effective employee motivation in the workplace and therefore effective management and leadership.The schematic below indicates the potential contribution the practical application of the principles this paper has on reducing work content in the organization.Motivation is the key to performance improvementThere is an old saying you can take a horse to the water but you cannot force it to potable it will drink on ly if its thirsty so with people. They will do what they want to do or otherwise motivated to do.Are they born(p) with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to survive and succeed.Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus* Job performance =f (ability) (motivation)Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. As a guideline, there are broadly seven strategies for motivation.* Positive advantage / high expectations* utile discipline and punishment* Treating people fairly* fulfill employees needs* Setting work related goals* Restructuring jobs* Base rewards on job performanceThese are the basic strategies, though the mix in the final recipe will vary from workplace situation to situation. Essentially, there is a gap between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap.Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. It is inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator 23.TASK 44.1 NATURE OF chemical group AND GROUP BEHAVIOURGROUPA small collection of people who interact with each other, usually face to face, over time in order to reach goalsThe size of the group can vary from third people to seven to 20. Normally the smallest number is considered which is capable of performing the taskTYPES OF GROUPS BEHAVIOURGroups come in many forms, shapes, and sizes. Most managers belong to several different groups at the same time, some at work, some at community, some formally organized, and some informal and social in nature. The most basic way of identifying types of groups is to distinguish between 24Formal groupsInformal groupsFormal GroupsThe organizations managers to accomplish goals an d serve the needs of the organization deliberately create formal groups. The major purpose of formal groups is to perform specific tasks and achieve specific objectives defined by the organization.The most common type of formal work group consists of individuals cooperating under the direction of a leader. Examples of formal groups are departments, divisions, taskforce, project groups, quality circles, committees, and boards of directors.Informal GroupsInformal groups in organizations are not formed or planned by the organizations managers. Rather, they are self-created and evolve out of the formal organization for a variety of reasons, such as proximity, common interests, or needs of individuals. It would be difficult for organization to prohibit informal working relationships from developing.Informal groups develop naturally among an organizations personnel without any direction from management. One key factor in the emergence of informal groups is a common interest shared by its members. For example, a group of employees who band together to seek union representation may be called an interest group4.2 FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE TEAMWORKWhether in the workplace, or in sports, or amongst members of a community, effective teamwork can produce extraordinary results. However, that is easier said than done, for, effective teamwork does not happen automatically.There are a number of factors that are required to amaze together, working seamlessly, for an effective team to develop and work. So, what makes an effective team?Well, given below are some of the factors that are vital for building a good team that works successfully 25Good LeadershipEffective CommunicationDefining Clear-cut RolesCreating Procedures for Conflict ResolutionSetting a Good ExampleGood Lead

Inclusivity in Schools Study

Inclusivity in Schools StudyThis study focuses on my localization instruct to find out how inclusive it is regarding the special educational ask (SEN) students. The study puts in scope how lessons argon delivered in the educate and how the direct meets the needs of the special educational needs students. To find answers to the enquiries, a specific case study research design was selected to provide an understanding of the legion(predicate) perspectives of the topic, involving multiple interviews with the staff of the selected school. Four members of school staff were selected for interview including The circumscribed Needs and Disabilities Coordinator (SENDCO), one teacher and two teaching assistants. The interview questions prolong been based on the framework of the ten areas of inclusive education as presented at the report of National Council for Special Education (NCSE, 2010). Two students were selected in the study with similar special educational needs. One child had difficulties with speak voice communication and retaining information and the second one presented symptoms associated with dyslexia. The profile of these 2 students was in general synthesized using information from the Child Provision Map found in the resources of the school and from my personal observations and experiences as their teacher.Diagnosis of DyslexiaDyslexia is considered as one of the to the highest degree greens Special Learning Difficulties (SpLD) affecting roughly the 10% of the population, with 4% to be considered as severely dis competentd. Dyslexia is mainly transferred through hereditary mechanisms. A child that is considered dyslectic, might write letters in lyric or words in sentences, in wrong order. Also, they might be addled when they are forming sentences as they might find difficulties in spelling the words correctly. The reversal of the letters in words is considered as one of the aboriginal indications of a child with dyslexia. Although, literac y issues would be considered as one of the most common and visible indications of dyslexia, there are multiple other issues that cannot be detected easily. Some of the issues include, how mind is processing the receiving information, how they are stored, organised and recalled when necessary. In addition, dyslexic children film difficulties with time perception, processing information quickly and navigation, as they repulse confused with physical (left, right) and compass directions (north, south, west, east) (British Dyslexia Association, 2016).NHS provides a similar definition for Dyslexia stating that it is a very frequent type of learning difficulty affecting skills linked to reading, writing and spelling of words (NHS, 2015). The symptoms of dyslexia vary widely amongst every case. to a greater extent specifically, a person with Dyslexia might have issues with his phonological awareness, ability to bunco and process words quickly. (NHS, 2015).Thus, on the one hand, we have the medical definition provided by the NHS and on the other hand, we have a more broaden approach provided by the British Dyslexia Association (BDA), adding interesting parameters to the symptoms of Dyslexia. As it is understandably understood, one of the main issues of dyslexic people is the fact that they tend to have difficulties with processing texts whether its referring to reading or writing. However, as mentioned by BDA, the spectrum of symptoms is not berthicular here. It can be wider and more tangled. However, relevant literature states that it is very complicated to distinguish the symptoms of Dyslexia between poor readers and readers diagnosed as Dyslexic. The fact that both are facing the same literacy issues, leads to the conclusion that the literacy support is going to have a positive impact not only for the one group further as well as for the other group (Elliott Gibbs, 2009). There is evidence supporting the pipeline of Elliott Gibbs, proposing that Dyslexi a should be considered as a continuum ranging from mild to severe symptoms and it is not executable to categorise people into Dyslexic and not Dyslexic (Rose, 2009). This leads to the conclusion that interventions ordain have a positive impact not only for those considered as Dyslexic but also for those who are generally facing issues with literacy. scope of Research-National ContextNowadays, Dyslexia is a recognised learning difficult and is specifically mentioned in the Equality Act (HMSO, 2010). Under this Act, anyone that is characterised with such disadvantages, would be outlawed to be treated unfavourably. In addition, they should be offered adjustments and assistance whenever is needed so that they provide not be disadvantaged comparing to non-disabled people (HMSO, 2010 GEO, 2010).Dyslexia is also mentioned in the SEND write in code of Practice as a part of specific learning difficulties (SpLD) which influences multiple elements of knowledge (DfES, 2015). Based on the C ode of Practice, schools are required to procure that SEN students are included in the school activities along with the non-SEN students (DfES, 2015). In addition, the schools are obliged to help SEN students reach their targets and change any obstacles that can hinder their learning via special education readiness (DfES, 2015).It is evident in the Code of Practice, the willingness to place SEN children and parents at the centre of decisions. As it is being argued, local authorities are required to consider the views, wishes and feelings of the former. In addition, children and parents should always be informed and included in the decision-making process (DfES, 2015).-Schools inclusive PolicySchools SEN insurance is consistent to the SEND Code of Practice targets, ensuring that SEN students will be able to step from being dependent to be able to function independently recognising the variety of special needs in the school and the necessity to meet their needs daily and developing the curriculum to ensure that all students are receiving enhanced and equal learning opportunities. In addition, it is the schools policy to recognise the achievements of the students which will improve their confidence and self-esteem, to encourage students be trustworthy for their learning and behaviour and introduce positivity amongst students. Thus, students will be cogitate on developing their strengths rather than their weaknesses. Finally, efforts to limit the gap between the SEN and the non-SEN students and concord contact with parents, has always been a strict policy line (Appendix 2).OFSTED inspected the researchers transcription school in 2014 (OFSTED, 2014). The report is showing that the proportion of SEN students receiving support in the school exceeds the national average. The report is showing that most of the SEN students are individuals with speech, language and communication difficulties. Even though the pastoral care for the students is outstanding, issues ar ise regarding the strategies followed by staff to support students make bring forward. Therefore, OFSTED suggests that more focus should be wedded in the school-based data so that suitable adjustments can accelerate their progress (OFSTED, 2014).

Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany Essay -- Having Our Say Lite

Having Our Say by Sadie and Bessie Delany The social, cultural and political history of the States as it affects the life course of American citizens became very real to us as the Delany sisters, Sadie and Bessie, recounted their life course spanning a century of living in their book Having Our Say. The Delany sisters lives coered the period of their childhood in Raleigh, North Carolina, afterward the Surrender to their adult lives in Harlem, New York City during the roaring twenties, to a quiet retirement in suburban, New York City, as self-styled initiatory ladies. At the ages of 102 and 104, these ladies have lived long enough to look back over a century of their existence and appreciate the value of a cracking family life and companionship, also to have the last laugh that in kindle of all their struggles with racism, sexism, political and economic changes they triumphed (Having Our Say). Of all the ten children of Henry and she-goat Delany, Sadie and Bessie developed a bond of companionship from childhood to the end of their lives. They were all the same able to complete each others thoughts, because they shared what Karl Mannheim describe as a common location in the social and historical process that predisposes them for a certain characteristic mode of thought and experience. They therefore, corroborated nearly of Mannheims discussions on location and its effect on a times (Karl Mannheim, The Sociological Problem of Generations, pp. 290-91). Further, throughout the book, Sadie and Bessie continuously reminds the reader of the strong work family life had on their entire lives. Their produce and mother were college educated and their father was the first black Episcopal priest and vice principal at St. Augustine Co... ...ieth century America. The majority of blacks during that era, did not possess the family status and class twist that surrounds the Delany sisters and, therefore, it would virtually be impossible for them to succeed at the leve l the Delanys did. precisely the Delanys still had their share of personal troubles which was influenced by public issues but they survived and in their own unique, humorous way lived to say Weve outlived those old rebby boys Thats matchless way to beat them Thats justice Works CitedDelany, S., Delany, A., and Hearth, A. Having Our Say. New York 1967. Mannheim, K., Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1952. Bennett, L. younger A History of Black America. Sixth edition, Penguin Books 1993. Franklin, J., Moss, A. Jr. From Slavery to Freedom. Seventh edition, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1994.

intro to philosophy :: essays research papers

Intro to philosophical system Paper 2 caput 1The Internet also cognise as the information pike of the world, is increasingly becoming the closely prevalent form in which to gather and distri savee information. This issue brings up a number of honourable dilemmas concerning the lack of censorship and editorial observe in this immense confabulation system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or non license of deliverance should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the legality behind Internet publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prohibit the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only contr everyplacesial but also extremely complicated to go after through legal name and justifications.The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the unite States the independence of speech and press, thence the Internet phenomenon is protected regardless of the twisted nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is realistic for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered professedly or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads many unsuspecting youths and unconstipated some adults to believe the lies they drive just because it is out in that respect. John Stuart hoagies work, On improperness explains pulverizations notion of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was sooner published in 1859 but collectable to its advanced theories it is possible to sustain these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mills philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the rank something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest mirth for the largest group of people. With this in mind we gutter further understand Mills theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled. Mills explains that freedom of speech and expression are ingrained to the mental well cosmos of mankind. To refuse a person the rightly to express their opinion because it is turnaround to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to warrant those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice in explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forget and these truths would lose meaning. Mills clarifies a misconception about truths with the following financial statement truth always triumphs over persecution, is oneintro to philosophy essays research papers Intro to Philosophy Paper 2 Question 1The Internet also known as the information superhighway of the world, is increasingly becoming the most prevalent form in which to gather and distribute information. This issue brings up a number of moral dilemmas concerning the lack of censorship and edito rial monitoring in this immense communication system. Some of the questions that have arisen are whether or not freedom of speech should be controlled, to an extent, and if so where would those barriers be drawn. Also, should the truth behind Internet publications be monitored, access to inappropriate material be denied to certain individuals, and should laws be passed to prevent the exploitation of unknowing bystanders. These issues are not only controversial but also extremely complicated to pursue through legal terms and justifications.The First Amendment of the Constitution grants everyone in the United States the freedom of speech and press, thus the Internet phenomenon is protected regardless of the perverse nature which it is capable of presenting. Ultimately, it is possible for anyone to express his or her own beliefs, whether considered true or not, through the Internet. This in turn leads many unsuspecting youths and even some adults to believe the lies they read just beca use it is out there. John Stuart Mills work, On Liberty explains Mills notion of freedom and his justifications behind his concepts. This work was originally published in 1859 but due to its advanced theories it is possible to apply these conceptions to the moral dilemmas the Internet possess. Mills philosophies are considered utilitarianistic, this means that the value something possesses is determined by its utility, also actions should be directed toward achieving the greatest happiness for the largest group of people. With this in mind we can further understand Mills theories on liberty, freedom and whether they should be controlled. Mills explains that freedom of speech and expression are essential to the mental well being of mankind. To refuse a person the right to express their opinion because it is contrary to popular belief would be a great wrong. This is because without these different opinions there would be no need to justify those beliefs held widely. Lack of practice i n explaining the attributes of certain beliefs will make them forgotten and these truths would lose meaning. Mills clarifies a misconception about truths with the following statement truth always triumphs over persecution, is one

An Overview of McCarthyism and the McCarthy Era Essay example -- Essay

An Overview of McCarthyism and the McCarthy Era This is the first comment ever of the word McCarthyism, first publish in 1954. The basis of this definition is the carriage of lawyer, judge, and senator of the United States of America, Joseph R. McCarthy. If one takes a look at the actions of this valet de chambre, it is not very hard to understand where this definition comes from. Joeseph McCarthy was a master of media and public manipulation for the purpose of his own notoriety. end-to-end his career as a politician, he used many issues to sack up him attention, the most well known, of course, being his anti-communist crusade/witch hunt during the primaeval 1950, of which he was the leading spokesperson. McCarthys record at every stagae of his life and career has been one of failure and ridicule, of lies and half-truths, yet somehow he managed to wrench enough media strings to gain him a positive reputation with the American people through his antics. McCarthys first political position was as judge of the tenth circuit court. While he was in this position, he was cited numerous times for highly improper behavior, such as destroying records and pelt along through cases just to clear the backlog, with no particular regard to visual perception that actual justice was done. He also destroyed records of cases that could show him as negligent for the purpose of destroying evidence that could be used against him. Ironically enough, the guide word under which McCarthy won this position was Justice is Truth in Action. The next step for Joseph was his short war career. Although he saw almost no real battle time, he did not allow this to keep him step up of the media. He went so far to attract attention as to unnecessarily fire of... ... Senate, and on December 2, 1954, the state voted to remove McCarthy for abuse of great power and contempt. This was the end of McCarthys luck. The McCarthy era, as this period in time is referred to, is a very good example of how an individual relates to a society. Joseph R. McCarthy singlehandedly occupied the unit nation and the government with his accusations. It has been said that his lies and destructive antics had more impact upon American political affairs in the 1950s that any other public figure. angiotensin-converting enzyme man or woman can make a difference, be it for better or worse, and Joseph R. McCarthy is a perfect example of one man influencing the policies of a whole nation for the worse. Works Cited1. Klingman, William K. Encyclopedia of the McCarthy Era. New York Facts on File, 1996 2. McCarthy, Joseph. Encyclopedia Brittanica. 1993