Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups

In this essay three aspects will be assessed. How hostel operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the offspring evil and divagation aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. Before one pile observe friendship, one needs to take in into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on accessible systems, be k right offn as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on fond action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining high society is Functionalism. Functionalism begins with the utterance that way in society is incorporated. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980, p. 14). They entreat that Functional prerequisites such as hospitals, schools and families among many more, bind society together. In a functionalist society these integrate with one another to form a value consensus. Furthermore, it is essential they interrelate at a basic aim for society to survive. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Therefore, society is prolonged by the value consensus and its cohesion of works parts.Mile Druthers founder of functionalism, observed societies values and norms portraying them as cordial order. Laws establish with the value consensus. He developed his argumentation by adage crime is an inevitable and normal way of social life. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). He added to this he rural areas that social salmagundi begins with some sort of deviance, just lavish deviance benefits society and keeps it healthy it reinforces right and wrong in societies collective conscience. save too much on the other hand would cause a state enormousness described as anomie.For example, Morton (1968, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980) states since members of society are placed differently, such as social class, at the same time having different collective enticements, too much imbalance not enough prosperity and not enough opportuniti es, would cause an anomic state. As a consequence leading to a break down of societies values and norms. rioting in such a chance would be anomic state or the uprising of a government. Functionalism has declined as modern theories better apologise society. Functional macro sociological analysis disregards small areas of society.Also, damaging criticisms arose with the ideas of homophile beings as products of the social system. (Taylor et al, 1995). Another macro perspective on society is Marxism. Named after Karl Marx a German sociologist. E described a possibility of observing society that erected a radical alternative to functionalism and the nature of social stratification. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Marx examined how society works and explained how history has unfolded paying close attention to capitalism. Marx was dissolute with the effects of capitalism and was very concerned to get rid of it. Trainer, 2010). Marx suggested that society is in conflict. He observed we stern society was split in two. He argued that the thought class, who had the means of production, the bourgeoisie exploited the subject class, the proletariat. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, Marx verbalize history is basically about the struggle between classes for dominance (Trainer, 2010, p. 1). The ruling class ideology in Mars argument, only benefited the bourgeoisie the distortion of reality, refutal society binding members together with a false consciousness.Thus, helping to maintain the superstructure in the aid of the ruling class. When observing Mars speculation behind crime and deviance, one envisions no value consensus express laws comparable to functionalism. Mars argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Halls policing the crisis.Hall raises the argument of mugging a new marge from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the circumstance is now stick on to any type of crime particularly applied at pitch-dark youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic Of a moral panic. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term mugging appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the medias moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, mask the economic crisis that emerged during the sasss.Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimizing random stops targeting saturnine youths. Thus, more control over the subject class. Social action theories offer a drastic alternative view on society to the above. interpretative perspective emphasis is on individuals act ion, rather than the deterministic approach structured by social systems, social action focuses on small descale interaction. (Taylor et alarm 1995). The focus is on individual actions that are constructed by society through meaning and interpretations.For instance a newly wed husband and wife will understand the role a whole contend better by understanding the meaning of the term. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980) For Max Weber, founder of social action theory believed these meanings were attached to a social actions carried out by an individual. He expanded on his theory by stating self concepts are a result of interpretations there described them as. Individuals are more probably to carry out a behavior after being sensed in a particular way. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Furthermore, Interactions defines the construction of meaning through analysis. It can be said that language, gestures and appearance will govern the interpretation of the linguistic context the actions uphold. It can be said that individuals depends on symbolic symbols to define and understand meanings in society through relating, interpreting and making sense. (Taylor et al, 1995). Howard Becker, applied labeling theory in his attempt to define crime and evince to social action. His argument consisted of unnatural behavior, only existing when perceived and defined as such.JP until it has been labelled by a member of society there was no deviance. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Becker (1 963, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1980, p. 346). Becker develops his argument stressing the importance of the unexclusive identification of a deviant. As stated above, self concepts can change individuals to the label applied, in this case, accepting the deviant label whitethorn in urn, cause the individual to commit more deviance. However Becker states this theory may not be inevitable. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980). A criticism with interactions approach is the labeling term for deviance is too deterministic. Having been founded primarily on ideas based on sluttish will through social individual action the person labelled with the term deviant, will be expected to commit further deviant activities. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). However, Becker does reject this barrage of criticisms and goes on to defend his theory by dictum labeling theory has been misunderstood and unfairly criticized. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Throughout the three perspectives it can be said that there are differences describing theories of crime and deviance. For instance, The bolshy view is order through the course of history at the ruling class ideology. The manufacturing of crimes sees the subject class targeted and deemed deviant. In recent years Neo Marxist theories pee developed a better understanding. The Hegemonic society as original Marxist views first stated have changed and a middle class has now e merged. It appears that although functionalism argues that crime is inevitable by all, it takes the same route of determinism hat Marxism does.Social systems say the course of society. Many have debated the nature of free will and these morphological perspectives will suffer heavy criticisms. Adding to this, disregarding qualitative research absentminded out small subject areas of society will as a result, only provide a narrow based analysis. Social action theory however, grasps the idea Of crime and deviance better than the latter two. When specifically discussing crime and deviance, qualitative research better explains individuals actions rather than attaching to a system.