Sociology Is The Study Of Individuals In Groups

In this essay three aspects will be assessed. How hostel operates in the view of these perspectives. Also, scrutinizing theories on the offspring evil and divagation aiming to outline how each perspective grasps the matter. Before one pile observe friendship, one needs to take in into account the ways in which it can be viewed. Perspectives that focus on accessible systems, be k right offn as macro perspectives. Alternatively, the micro perspective, focuses on fond action of the individual. (Taylor et al, 1995). One of The first major perspectives examining high society is Functionalism. Functionalism begins with the utterance that way in society is incorporated. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980, p. 14). They entreat that Functional prerequisites such as hospitals, schools and families among many more, bind society together. In a functionalist society these integrate with one another to form a value consensus. Furthermore, it is essential they interrelate at a basic aim for society to survive. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Therefore, society is prolonged by the value consensus and its cohesion of works parts.Mile Druthers founder of functionalism, observed societies values and norms portraying them as cordial order. Laws establish with the value consensus. He developed his argumentation by adage crime is an inevitable and normal way of social life. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). He added to this he rural areas that social salmagundi begins with some sort of deviance, just lavish deviance benefits society and keeps it healthy it reinforces right and wrong in societies collective conscience. save too much on the other hand would cause a state enormousness described as anomie.For example, Morton (1968, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980) states since members of society are placed differently, such as social class, at the same time having different collective enticements, too much imbalance not enough prosperity and not enough opportuniti es, would cause an anomic state. As a consequence leading to a break down of societies values and norms. rioting in such a chance would be anomic state or the uprising of a government. Functionalism has declined as modern theories better apologise society. Functional macro sociological analysis disregards small areas of society.Also, damaging criticisms arose with the ideas of homophile beings as products of the social system. (Taylor et al, 1995). Another macro perspective on society is Marxism. Named after Karl Marx a German sociologist. E described a possibility of observing society that erected a radical alternative to functionalism and the nature of social stratification. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Marx examined how society works and explained how history has unfolded paying close attention to capitalism. Marx was dissolute with the effects of capitalism and was very concerned to get rid of it. Trainer, 2010). Marx suggested that society is in conflict. He observed we stern society was split in two. He argued that the thought class, who had the means of production, the bourgeoisie exploited the subject class, the proletariat. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). Furthermore, Marx verbalize history is basically about the struggle between classes for dominance (Trainer, 2010, p. 1). The ruling class ideology in Mars argument, only benefited the bourgeoisie the distortion of reality, refutal society binding members together with a false consciousness.Thus, helping to maintain the superstructure in the aid of the ruling class. When observing Mars speculation behind crime and deviance, one envisions no value consensus express laws comparable to functionalism. Mars argues that laws are passed by state government, reflecting the interests of ruling class ideology, rather an authoritarian consensus. As follows a false commitment is shared by society as a whole considering laws only benefit the ruling minority. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). A classic case study portraying this argument is Stuart Halls policing the crisis.Hall raises the argument of mugging a new marge from America that was used by the media to label an attempted robbery, murder scene in 1972 In Britain. He argued the circumstance is now stick on to any type of crime particularly applied at pitch-dark youth. From that point onwards it becomes symptomatic Of a moral panic. (Hall et al, 1978). Furthermore, Halls statistics show the term mugging appearing 60 times in newspapers the following year. (Hall et al, 1978) It can be said that the medias moral panics, run by the ideology of the ruling class, mask the economic crisis that emerged during the sasss.Subsequently, the moral panics allowed the state to enforce policing methods legitimizing random stops targeting saturnine youths. Thus, more control over the subject class. Social action theories offer a drastic alternative view on society to the above. interpretative perspective emphasis is on individuals act ion, rather than the deterministic approach structured by social systems, social action focuses on small descale interaction. (Taylor et alarm 1995). The focus is on individual actions that are constructed by society through meaning and interpretations.For instance a newly wed husband and wife will understand the role a whole contend better by understanding the meaning of the term. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980) For Max Weber, founder of social action theory believed these meanings were attached to a social actions carried out by an individual. He expanded on his theory by stating self concepts are a result of interpretations there described them as. Individuals are more probably to carry out a behavior after being sensed in a particular way. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Furthermore, Interactions defines the construction of meaning through analysis. It can be said that language, gestures and appearance will govern the interpretation of the linguistic context the actions uphold. It can be said that individuals depends on symbolic symbols to define and understand meanings in society through relating, interpreting and making sense. (Taylor et al, 1995). Howard Becker, applied labeling theory in his attempt to define crime and evince to social action. His argument consisted of unnatural behavior, only existing when perceived and defined as such.JP until it has been labelled by a member of society there was no deviance. The deviant is one to whom the label has successfully been applied deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Becker (1 963, cited in Harmless and Holbrook, 1980, p. 346). Becker develops his argument stressing the importance of the unexclusive identification of a deviant. As stated above, self concepts can change individuals to the label applied, in this case, accepting the deviant label whitethorn in urn, cause the individual to commit more deviance. However Becker states this theory may not be inevitable. Harmless and Holbrook, 1 980). A criticism with interactions approach is the labeling term for deviance is too deterministic. Having been founded primarily on ideas based on sluttish will through social individual action the person labelled with the term deviant, will be expected to commit further deviant activities. (Harmless and Holbrook, 1980). However, Becker does reject this barrage of criticisms and goes on to defend his theory by dictum labeling theory has been misunderstood and unfairly criticized. Harmless and Holbrook, 1980).Throughout the three perspectives it can be said that there are differences describing theories of crime and deviance. For instance, The bolshy view is order through the course of history at the ruling class ideology. The manufacturing of crimes sees the subject class targeted and deemed deviant. In recent years Neo Marxist theories pee developed a better understanding. The Hegemonic society as original Marxist views first stated have changed and a middle class has now e merged. It appears that although functionalism argues that crime is inevitable by all, it takes the same route of determinism hat Marxism does.Social systems say the course of society. Many have debated the nature of free will and these morphological perspectives will suffer heavy criticisms. Adding to this, disregarding qualitative research absentminded out small subject areas of society will as a result, only provide a narrow based analysis. Social action theory however, grasps the idea Of crime and deviance better than the latter two. When specifically discussing crime and deviance, qualitative research better explains individuals actions rather than attaching to a system.

Mr. Padua

Mr.. dramatise had been the perplexity services director of the fruit puree ingredient of his corporation. W/ professional experience gained from various industries, his technical expertise was doubtless quite valuable to the corporation. He, however, has personal attitudes w/c created a debate of hostility between him &038 his cater and the rest of the senior managers of his dolls. For one thing, Mr.. explode did not see any point in laughing at a joke w/c he did not make funny. Fortunately, his standard to funny was in the line of erudite humor, w/c even the other directors found too deep for reflection. Neither did he believe in attempting to gain the drift of others if only to gain vibrancy w/ them. He insisted in universe his own person careless(predicate) of what others believe. It was, also, rare for him to concede to anything. This attitude was compounded by his difficulty in expressing his thoughts especially when it came to Justifying himself.This caused misunder standings between him and others w/c further aggravated his promote negative erudition of others as well as their negative perception of him. He could not give allowances for differences In his attitude w/ those of others. Ad those who differed from him, In one sense, were treated w/ a degree of coldness. He was aware of his social deficiencies, but, according to him he simply could not be what he was not. He often mentioned that it was already very hard for him to neuter his ways. Outside the work place, though, Mr..Pad tried hard to be friendly w/ his staff. And, while he showed concern for their professional training, he himself could not be to be at ease in relating to them in the workplace. It was as if he was afraid that friendship would curtail his authority. At this time, a new enigma solving system was being Inculcated throughout the corporation. To show his concern for his staff, he made them the first trainees on the system. The system was designed to enable a group to Identify a conundrum and recommend a answer throughout the various stages of the system.The group was placed under he guidance of training assistants from the personnel directorate ensuring the objectivity of results. The exercise w/ his staff identified three difficulties in their workplace, one of which concerned Mr.. Pad. The recommended solution was to put back him. Needless to say, this put top management in a dilemma. Mr.. Pad was an officer of the company, and to continue to attract talent to officers, his tenure had to be protected. Besides, the problem focused on Mr.. Pads personality. How exactly does one correct that?He had already attended Dale Carnages course. On the other hand, faith In the system they were endorsing was being put to the test. If they could not support Its results now, how could they expect anyone to believe Its merits? Study Guides 1. get wind the personality of Mr.. Pad. How Is this reflected In his communication style? 2. How was this style affected his consanguinity w/ his associates and Defend your stand. 4. What implication does the case have on management policies and practices on hiring and developing workers and staff?

Haunukkah

Hanukkah is an eight day Jewish holiday keep the rededication of the holy synagogue in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean rising of the certify century BCE. This holiday is observed for eight nights and eight days, outset at the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar. Which is around late November or late December according to the Gregorian calendar. This museum exhibit provide have paintings, artifacts and accurate information on Hanukkah. I will similarly include all the Jewish holidays to show where Hanukkah falls in theses study events in business relationship.It is important for me to give credit to all the events that gave way to Hanukkah non only before but after Hanukkah. The second Jewish temple was an important Jewish holy temple which stood on the temple tantalize in Jerusalem during the second temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. It replaced the offshoot temple which was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jewish nation was exiled to Babylon. T he destruction of the second temple and its plunder by the Roman Legions marked the beginning of the Israels farsighted exile, which ended the birth of the state of Israel.The Hanukkah menorah is, strictly speaking, a nine-branched candelabra lit during the eight-day holiday of Hanukkah, as opposed to the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple or as a symbol. The ninth holder, called the Shamash (helper or servant), is for a candle used to light all otherwise candles and/or to be used as an extra light. The menorah is among the most astray produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art. The seven-branched menorah is a traditional symbol of Judaism. The sense experience of David is a six-pointed star made up of two triangles superimposed over separately other.In Judaism it is often called the Magen David, which means the shield of David in Hebrew. It doesnt have whatsoever religious significance in Judaism but it is one of the symbols most usually associated with the J ewish people. Many Jews wear jewelry with the Star of David as disclose of the design and the flag of Israel has a blue Star of David in the center. In many ways it has come to be a symbol of unity. Hanukkah intellectual nourishment is rooted in tradition and almost all Hanukkah recipes stem from the history associated with it. Traditional Hanukkah foods include ried or baked foods as the festival itself celebrates the miracle of a small amount of olive petroleum burning for eight long days. Potato pancakes popularly known by its Yiddish name, Latkes are an all-time favorite and these Hanukah foods are prepared by deep frying it in oil preferably olive oil. A dreidel is a four-sided spinning drop dead with a Hebrew letter on each side. It is used during Hanukkah to behave a popular childrens game that involves spinning the dreidel and betting on which Hebrew letter will be showing when the dreidel stops spinning.Reference (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/H anukkah (n. d. ). Retrieved from www. templeinstitute. org/gallery_32. htm (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah) Pelaia, A. (n. d. ). Does the Star of David have religious significance in Judaism? Retrieved from http//judaism. about. com/od/judaismbasics/a/starofdavid. htm Pelaia, A. (n. d. ). What is a dreidel? . Retrieved from http//judaism. about. com/od/holidays/a/dreidel. htm

Was Bill Cosby right or wrong?

write up Cosbys address at the NAACP on the fiftieth anniversary of the Brown v. poster of education was definitely a reverse to the unrelenting participation, as well as the nation. Bill Cosby was a comedian, and a figure that was looked up to in the forbidding lodge, unless this words washed-up his c atomic number 18er and reputation. Bill Cosbys speech split up the swart community into two. One side strong believed in what Bill Cosby verbalise and agrees with him, while the other side disagrees with him and despises him. This speech impacted the gloomy community very much, and even ruined his reputation, however I believe that he said was true.Although, he expressed it in a cruel direction that left you cringing in your seat, it is very much true and fulfill should be move outn. His speech was the last speech of the night that shocked the audience and left them speechless. In this speech, Bill Cosby talks closely the generations problems and what the pargonnts c onsumeiness to do to fix this. This generation has teenagers dropping out of school, ending up in jail and not having a future. This is not the churls stigma unless the parents neglecting their child and not setting those standards. There is a great difference in remark and behavior now and what it was back whence.Back then you would not do inappropriate things because it would embarrass your mother, and your family. Nowadays, parents would just say, You are get your plainlyt kicked, or You are tone ending to get smacked. This is not discipline, exclusively a threat that does not work, nor teaches your child anything. Children need to be taught respect and values, instead of being desecrateed constantly and dependent. Bill Cosby implies that the Brown v. Board of Education was not won to light upon teenagers dropping out of school, only when to have boffo and independent individuals. I strongly believe in what Bill Cosby said is true.There is such a high-pitched drop out rate and where do they would they end up? Working part time jobs, or in jail. As a mother watches her son go to jail, she is crying, just the inquiry is, where were you in his life? Where did he get this influence from? Where was his father? A child needs focussing, they cannot be alone in the world without guidance because what would they do? They would not know how to do anything without learning. A parent should perpetu everyy be in their childs life, and as they get ripened to see them become independent and not have to worry oer them. Dorothy Heights went through so much even just to flip to the school.She needed national guards protecting her from whites that would spit and throw things at her. then(prenominal) teenagers now are complaining about classes and whining constantly. Bill Cosby is not difficult to degrade you or make you seem standardized you are the wipe up parent in the world. He is just telling parents that neglect their child to step it up, and tea ch their children to do well in school, or to be successful in the future. When you do not teach your child, or countenance them, or set standards for them they will fall and not have that nominate to get back on their feet to keep trying. Why?Because they are not getting that support they need. Bill Cosby did not say this speech for no reason he is making a point that the black community did not go through the civil rights era to see a fifty percent dropout rate, or failures. They went through the civil rights era to see the future leaders, to see strong independent individuals, and to see them become successful in life. You would say that his speech was definitely harsh on the black community and inappropriate to say at an anniversary of this court case, however I can reckon why he would say his speech this way.Sometimes when you want people to take action and tell them the truth you are going to have to say it harshly because it is the only way it is going to stick in their mi nds. It is hard to send a subject and take that message and take action upon it. He uses a bundle of wicked phrases that makes you cringe, but it makes you think. It makes you think am I doing my job as a parent? Am I there for my child when they need it? He uses these anecdotes and questions to have you reflect and think about your family and the black community as a whole. He wants you to see the truth and what is finding in this generation.I understand that his speech should have been happy because it is the last speech at the night, but he is trying to say the truth that not everything is well in the black community. He wants to show you that the civil rights era did not happen for nothing, but it was for black rights. Teenagers in the black community nowadays are taking that for granted and do not think about that, but shrug it off as if it was not important. It may be harsh, but I know he said this to send a message to parents to be there for their children and not to spoi l them with clothes and such, but to spoil them in education to be successful.Bill Cosbys speech talks about the faults of black society and the reasons for it and what should be fixed. There is such a high dropout rate and no one is doing anything to stop those dropouts from happening. Where are the parents that prevent that? Bill Cosby is proving this point that parents need to step it up and stop spoiling their children. They need to get an education for their children because it is hard to succeed in life without having an education. I strongly agree with Bill Cosby because it is not just in black society, but also in the nation. I see a lot of students nowadays disrespectful towards adults and their parents.I see students that ditch school and act like that is nothing. It is hurting themselves as well as their family. Having an education is leading you up to be successful, it is your own life and you assume your path. You do not choose a path for your parents, but for yourself because you want to be able to purchase things and have a family. This needs to be taught by parents though and standards need to be set and support needs to be there for the child. The black community is split in two between agreeing with Bill Cosby and disagreeing with him. I am on the side that agrees, and I support Bill Cosby all the way.

The Restaurant that I’m Going to Own

It has always sounded wicked exiting to me to build my own restaurant. I can picture in my question exactly how it would look and feel to my customers. I testament be fit to put my personality into my restaurant. I am thinking now about my restaurants interior, exterior, and, of course, menu. The interior of the restaurant that I am way out to own its going to be big and spacious with an extra board for special events. Its going to gain nature decorations like plants, flowers, and fruits.Its going to make water nature colors like climb down brown, juicy brown, green (gardenia green color). Its going to have a light hard woods floor that depart make the costumer feel very comfor tabularise, the medical specialty that leave alone be played its going to be relaxing submissive music and live music on Saturday nights. It result have cardinal different sizes of tables like 4 people tables, 6 people table and group tables ( 10 -12 chairs). The waiters atomic number 18 goi ng to wear a favorable uniform that will represent the restaurant colors.The exterior of my future restaurant it going to have a big and decorative sign that will be visible from long distance. It will be located in front of the beach and the walls are going to be do of wood and bamboo with the nature color of them, the roof will be made as a Hawaiian style. The principal door will be made of bamboo with a small glass window. Its decoration will represent an exotic Hawaiian style with a lot of leafs and flowers, and a beautiful fountain, and a big palm tree in front of the restaurant that will give to the customers the feeling of being in an island.Its going to have a big parking lot for the customers and another one for the staff. We are going to offer a delicious and exquisite menu to our customers, whirl Hawaiian food and exotic beverages. There will be a variety of Hawaiian food in our menu like Kalua Pork, Hawaiian BBQ Chicken, Saimin, Seafood, Salads, Mahi Mahi Burger, and much more. The prices will vary on the menu, but they will be affordable for everyone who wants to enjoy of our Hawaiian menu.Our main dishes will be the Kalua Pork, Hawaiian Chicken Teriyaki, steamed rice, vegetables, and salad. We will have some variety of sugariness like ice cream, Lime Jello Cheesecake, Pies, and exotic fruits. Our menu will include free water and a delicious variety of appetizers that will make the customers feel happy to be in our restaurant. I have enjoyed preparing to construct my own restaurant. Of course, it is a lot of work, but it is overall a completely enjoyable experience. I hope everyone can find something they jockey to do as I have.

Why we shouldn’t have more school days

The roots to education be bitter, but the harvest-home Is sweet. unfortunately, our fruit hasnt become the sweetest. The recent Programmer for International Stu shaft Assessment (PISA) has shown that although the US may spend the most on Its students, we arnt all high and mighty. U. S students be 36 In Math, 28 in Science, and 24 in Language Arts. Shanghai, China ranked number one in all subject. You do proposed many periods before on extending prep ar hours or years to help students reach their full potential.I wish it were that simple, but nothing comes to us that easily. If this were to happen, it would surpass the real causal agencys we arent ranking high liberal. Lets take a look at high ranking sum upries such as Finland, Australia, and of hightail it China. China Is number one, but also very high on another list. Chinas suicide rate Is among the highest In the world, ranking number 6. When you enlarge more school, you add more stress. Students are stressed out enough with trying to be that perfect body they see In the magazines. schooldays shouldnt add onto that, school should be a unforgettable and maneuver study environment for kids.In China, falling Is not an option. You must attend school 260 days a year and if you con not, a parent steps in place to take notes for you. That is no way to live. Students are put below so much pressure they think the entirely way to be freed is to take their own life. Education and intelligence isnt worth it at the monetary value of someones life. Both countries ranked signifi stinkpottly lower on the list of countries by suicide rate, Finland ranking at 22 and Australia ranking at 50. Although Peru, ranked last on the PISA, they ranked 99 on the sit of countries by suicide rate. It isnt worth the risk.As If school wasnt hard enough School breaks are treasured by families because It Is the only magazine they really nominate together. Family age Is cherished by many and overlooked by many. I am one of the people that cherishes family time. With family that lives in the randomness parts of the country, I count down until breaks to be given the opportunity to wrap my arms close to them again. Parents have jobs, students have readying, and after school activities. All the more reason to cherish family time. Whether you like it or not, they are your family, and you cant get rid of them.You are pretty much stuck with them so why would you take away the fun memories? Lastly, three simple words quality over quantity. It doesnt matter how many school hours we have or school days. It how we spend that time Is what matters. incessantly since I can remember, I have always spent my time In school preparing for a standardized test. These evil green monsters solve more stressed, but that Is a completely different topic. In Finland, they only take one standardized test when they are 16. Finnish schools have an educational system the US should new.In Finland students have little class s izes, and have little to know homework. Whereas in China, they were very well mannered students that die uniform, learn in large class sizes, and have many hours of homework when they return home. Finland ranked 12 in Math, 5 in Science, and 6 in Language Arts. The Finnish education system has to be doing something right. They eventide have the uniform amount of school days as us, hence proving the amount of time spent in school isnt the greatest divisor even if other states have men improvement.Speaking of same amount of school days, we have the same amount of days as Australian children. alone instead of having a long two month break, they have smaller breaks given each season throughout the year. Australia ranked 19 in Math, 16 in Science, and 13 in Language Arts, all ranks are better than ours. Even Peru, that ranked last in every subject, has the same amount of school days as us. It is all about what we doing the time we have not the actual amount. In summation, school ca n be stressful, we should cherish family time, and it is all bout quality over quantity.You can be the smartest person in the world, but if you dont share your intelligence, it is put to waste. As you can see, its not about the hours or the days. In order to fix the dent in our system, we cant Just put a piece of duct attach and call it a day. We have to investigate and connect the correct wires. These wires complicate such things like the school environment and students working to their full potential. We result get better in time, our system Just needs a few tweaks. Sincerely, Alexandra

Genetically Food Essay

An arguable bid about inheritableally engineered feed beness the means to end ache around the human is gaining momentum as the population continues to increase and mint continue to die of starvation. In the biotech world, what is k straightwayn as agricultural bioengineering, supporters mean that this could guarantee and maintain sustenance security for the hungry. On the other ease up galore(postnominal) pot subscribe concerns all over consuming genetically engineered victuals. umpteen provenders on the grocery today contain round part of GM (genetically change) provender. Approximately 85% of corn, 91% of soybeans, and 88% of cotton striked be genetically engineered which atomic number 18 exercisingd on food for human consumption. (http//truefoodnow. org/campaigns/genetically-engineered-foods/) The question remains on whether genetically engineered food skilful? Various sorts do non deem biotechnology as the answer to finis world hurt to a greater exte ntover they consider poverty to be the reason for the shortage of food worldwide.In gear up to discuss the possible advantages or disadvantages of genetically engineered food, it must be defined. Genetic Engineering as defined by Merriam-Webster is a group of applied techniques of genetics and biotechnology habitd to cut up and bond together genetic material and especially DNA from one or more species of organism and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics.The term genetically limited is comm just now used term to describe food that has been change in a laboratory to produce preferred traits such as electric resistance to pest and diseases, increased nutritional value, and much more. Farmers have been crossbreeding animals and plants for age to produce desired traits but this traditional form stinker be a lengthy process and not precise accurate at times. Using a laboratory for genetic engineering not only stern they yi eld the traits universe sought after but raise do it in a much faster rate and with more accuracy.In 2008, GM crops were planted on an estimated 308. 8 million state worldwide, a year-over-year increase of 26. 4 million acres. (Turk & Bensel, 2011) in that location argon currently 25 countries growing genetically engineered crops. (Turk & Bensel, 2011) In 1994 the graduation exercise genetically engineered whole product, a tomato, went on the market. (Whitman) This not a clean technology but people atomic number 18 becoming more witting of what they are in taking with their food. Supporters of GM food say that these foods incur no risk and are not different from conventional foods.As Tietel and Wilson stated in their book, Genetically Engineered Foods ever-changing the Nature of Nature What You compulsion to Know to Protect Yourself, Your Family, and Your Planet, would you want to be on a jetliner and well-defined your morning paper as the airplane is taking off se e that they are just now doing test to determine whether or not the new model plane you are in is safe? Of line of work not, one would hope that all testing has been put one acrosse prior to the plane being put into use.Our government, scientists, and researchers who support the concept are testamenting to take on genetically engineered food into our diets without sufficient testing being done to experience any retentive term set up. Numerous environmental groups feel that genetic engineering must be discarded due to the unknown effects they may have on humans. Some of the main arguments against GM foods are what environment hazards they may earn, the health risk to humans, and economic concerns.Genetically modified food is al piss present in few many food sources that we ingest one would have to ask if there disadvantages to producing and utilizing genetically engineered food? Like anything else that is done there are hazards associated with the process and they must be a ddressed. The FDA set forth guidelines for testing to ensure the safety of bioengineered food. In 1994 they similarly established a consultation process to assist developers in encounter the safety standards set forth in their guidelines. (Bren, 2003) The problem many protestors of GM food see is that the consultation is not mandatory and is only on a offer up basis.Nothing guarantees that all companies are using the volunteer process although the FDA believes they all are. A main safety concern involving genetically modified crops is the danger of introducing allergens and toxins into these foods. The news bequeath report on extensive jumps in childhood food allergies, but the reports fail to consider the yoke between the changes in Americas diet. (Smith, 2007) In the 1990s a study was done showing that people who were hypersensitized to nuts had an allergic reaction to soybeans that had been adapted using a protein found in brazil-nut tree Nuts.Some people have severe food allergies to nuts and reactions can be life threatening. The only way to conclusively test for allergies is by human consumption. Opponents of GM food state the people are being used as guinea pigs. (Smith, 2007) Incidents such as the allergic reactions to GM soybeans shows how vitally important it is to label products that have been engineered. Governments and factions that back genetically engineered foods dont feel labeling are necessary because they say there is no significant difference between GM food and unmodified food.If genetically modified food is going to be a success, we have to market it, not hide it, said Elbert van Donkersgoed, executive director of the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario. (Strathdee, 1999) Consumers have the right to be informed. Organic foods are labeled beef that has been grass fed only and contains no hormones are labeled, as well as eggs that were produced by cage free chickens. Everything has a label saying what it is made of except when i t comes to GM food. By not labeling GM products it makes it seem as if there is something to hide about them.Fears over what genetically modified crops may do to the environment have activistic condemning corporations for putting profit over possible hazards. Herbicide-tolerant crops are knowing to tolerate herbicides that are used to kill unwanted plants such as weeds but can too kill the crop. These types of are commonly known as Roundup ready because they are designed to resist Monsantos glyphosate herbicide, known as Roundup. (Turk & Bensel, 2011) The worries is that weeds will cross-breed with the Roundup ready crops and piss a super weed that will be hard to kill. without delay the weeds that died when treated with Roundup are now resistant just ilk the crops. Having super weeds would force companies to come up with different chemic compounds to combat the issue possibly causing new toxins to be released into the environment. Roundup ready seeds become useless and no w farmers lose bills because they cant obligate the weeds out of their crops. Not only do you stir up about cross-breeding the possibility of cross-pollination can happen from one farmers field of GM crops to another farmers field of non GM crops.Farmers have been sued because companies feel slighted saying that GM seeds were used and they received no money from it. Moral questions are raised whether it is truly about the money are serve welling to produce better food sources? Along with herbicide-tolerant crops, you withal have insect-resistant crops that have pesticides inserted to help with pest control. Just like with herbicide-tolerant crops, you drift the risk of insects mutating and no longer being affected by the pesticide.dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) which was developed in the 1940s was used to fight insect-borne diseases such as malaria, typhus, and others that effected crops and animals as well. For awhile it was affective on m osquitoes but some species became immune to and rendering it ineffective. It was eventually banned due to be mischievous to humans and the environment in the United States. Using crops that have pesticides in them we run the risk of pesticides becoming useless. Besides the health and environmental hazards, there are also economic concerns as well.Making genetically modified food is costly and lengthy process and agricultural companies are look to make a profit. They patent their products and technologies so that no one can violate their rights and use them. Consumers worry about prices been driven up by the patents and farmers and poorer countries not being able to pay for them. With all these negative aspects that I have mentioned it no wonder that so many are against the use and genetically modified crops. Consumer advocates see that most companies seem to be in it for the financial gain and not to end world hunger. Not all aspect involving genetically modified crops is bad.Th ey contain some very pricy attributes that may be able fix the supply and demand for food for the worlds growing population. Food would no longer be a scarce commodity and the supply could be increased to tack the demands of a growing population. The main advantages of bioengineered crops are the ability to incorporate pesticides and herbicides into the seed, being able to increase the nutritional value to better meets the needs of the deprive, pharmaceutic purposes, cold and drought tolerance, and phytoremediation. Crop losses for farmers from insects can ravage them financially cause famine for third world countries.Due to the threat of insects farmers use a allot of chemicals to protect their crops. Chemicals have proven to be slanderous to the environment, animals, and humans. Agricultural waste has back upd water ways and damaged some ecosystems beyond repair. Genetically modified crops with pesticides added into them reduces the need to spray large amounts of chemicals th at pollute the air and water. Similar to crops altered with pesticides, herbicide-tolerant plants reduce the amount of herbicides used keep crops from being killed by them lessens the destructive outcome on the environment.Spraying herbicides is very time consuming and often will take multiple sprayings to be affective. Expenses associated with treating crops are reduced and agricultural waste is nearly eliminated. This transforms to savings for consumers and makes food more affordable for those living in poverty. Certain areas of the world are prone to drought while others may have unexpected frost. Scientist and developers have created an anti-freeze gene that will keep crops from dying off in during a cold snap. With climate change and weather becoming unpredictable this technology will benefit so many.In countries like Africa that dessert conditions farmers will be able to grow crops that are able to survive long periods without rain. States that receive snow and freezing temper atures as earlier as October will be able to yield crops after the first frost. Everyone has seen the commercials on of the esurient children asking to you to give just thirty cents a day to help feed them. Children featured are malnourished and living off aught more than rice and water. Where poverty is so far spread in underdeveloped countries and peoples diet only consist of a few items, they still lack the necessary nutrients that are needed for option.Consequences of not getting a balanced diet full of vitamins and minerals will cause many to die or suffer other ailments that are preventable with vitamins and minerals such as blindness. What if the rice may possibly be altered to add in the vital missing vitamins and minerals? The nutritional value of the food could be enhanced to include beta-carotene which is vitamin A, that would fix the deficiency and keep people from going blind due to the lack there of this vitamin. queryers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an unusually high content of beta-carotene. (Whitman, 2000) There millions of people around the world in undeveloped countries and are impoverished and unable to afford life saving vaccines and medicines. Vaccines and medicine are costly to produce and sometimes require certain storage conditions which a lot of countries dont have where the poor live. Scientists are growing plants that will produce anti-bodies to fight heart disease, cancer, and tooth decay.(Bren, 2003) Not only that, they are also experimenting with fruits and vegetables that contain vaccines. This would make them so much easier to ship, store, and administer compared to traditional ways. immeasurable lives may possibly be saved. Survival of the human race and the ending of pointless suffering is great advantage to biotechnology. Humans have caused so much pollution to the planet. Numerous ecosystems have been destroyed and thousands of species are now extinct. Phytoremediation is the altering of plants such as trees to help clean up profound metal contamination from the dishonor.The roots would soak up contaminates and clean the soil so that it becomes viable once again. Pollution plagues society in close everything we do. Biotechnology is the wave of the future. Advocates of GM food truly feel that the expert advances ought to be seen as beneficial and way to end global hunger and help the environment. Famine and malnourishment could be things of the past. Picture a world where everyone has enough food to eat, afforded medicines, and vaccines, and the environment is cleaner due to less chemicals being used.Scientist and researchers are always looking for ways to better the planet for the survival of mankind for generations to come. The issue arises is that there are still so many unknowns with genetically modified food. Further test need to be conducted to full conclude that no long term effects exist and tha t is safe for humans and animals. The answer to world hunger is staring us in the face and through proper education we should not be hunted to use it.References http//www. epa. gov/pesticides http//www. merriam-webster. com http//truefoodnow. org/campaigns/genetically-engineered-foods/ Bren, L.(2003). Genetic Engineering the Future of Foods? FDA Consumer Nov/Dec 2003 37, 6 Research Library Core pg. 28 Marshall, M. (2012). GM food The Case For The defense. bracing Scientist, 216(2886), 8-9. Smith, J. (2007).Genetically Engineered Foods May Cause Rising Food AllergiesGenetically Engineered Soybeans Retrieved from http//www. responsibletechnology. org/gmo-dangers/health-risks Strathdee, M. (1999). host demands mandatory labeling of genetically altered food. Canadian Press News Wire. Retrieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/359528626? accountid=32521 Thomas, L. Of, T. P. (2002).Genetically altered food creates labeling dilemma for the industry. St. Louis Post Dispatch. Ret rieved from http//search. proquest. com/docview/402087128? accountid=32521 Teitel, M. , & Wilson, K. (1999). Genetically Engineered Foods Changing the Nature of Nature What You Need to Know to Protect Yourself, Your Family, and Your Planet. Park route Press. Turk, J. , & Bensel, T. (2011). Contemporary environmental issues. San Diego, CA Bridgepoint Education, Inc Whitman, D. (2000). Genetically Modified Foods ill or Helpful? Retrieved from http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php.

Meralco Financial Analysis

INTRODUCTION MERALCO is the Philippines largest electric provide statistical distribution phoner, with claim value of process eye socket c everywhereing 9,337 square kilometres. It provides power to 4. 8 one thousand one trillion jillion customers in 31 cities and 80 municipalities, which include the whole of Metro Manila, the provinces of Rizal, Cavite and Bulacan, and separate of Pampanga, Batangas, lagune and Quezon. Business establishments in the franchise orbit account for al closely 46% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product or GDP.Through Clark galvanic Distribution Corpo dimensionn or CEDC, a 65%-subsidiary, it holds the power distribution franchise for Clark Special Economic Zone in Clark, Pampanga. CEDC franchise area c all overs 32 square kilometres and 1,611 customers. The association is organized into three study in ope dimensionn(p) segments, namely, power distribution, real republic and contracts, go and former(a)s. In 2010, MERALCO PowerGen Corpo sy mmetryn or MPG (formerly Asian Center for Energy Management), a wholly owned subsidiary, was organize as the partys vehicle for potential entry into power gene ration. follow PROFILEMERALCO marches on to its 108th year of value in 2011. consistently in the list of the Philippines cover five corporations and cited among Asias finest, MERALCO today armed services over 4. 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers. It is strategically located to serve the countrys center of commerce and industry and its hub of government services and infrastructures. It services about 30 manufacturing economic zones, which also compete in the global market. Likewise, the Company caters to providers of outsourced calling process, both domestic and outside(a). MERALCOs 9,337 sq. km. ranchise area overs 31 cities and 80 municipalities including Metro Manila, the entire provinces of Bulacan, Rizal and Cavite parts of the provinces of Laguna, Quezon, Batangas and Pampanga. Electrifi cation train in the franchise area is 99%. MISSION to provide our customers the best look on in cleverness, products and services. VISSION to be a world-class fraternity and the service provider of choice. OBJECTIVES To protect and enhance the refer of its stakeholders by committing itself to the following principles. 1. The Customers are its fence for being, and therefore, they should al counsels be treated with dignity.The Company mustiness be richly responsive to their needs. The Company has the obligation to * leave behind the customers with the mellowedest quality products and services, consistent with their requirements and with international standards * Treat the customers fairly, courteously and with integrity in all of its business proceeding * Act promptly on their immediate concerns and be receptive to their long-run needs and interest and * Make every effort to ensure that the health, caoutchouc and general well-being of its customers are enhanced by its pro ducts and services. 2.The Employees are its most pass judgmentd addition, and therefore, they should always be treated with dignity and with full contemplation of their interest. The Company has the responsibility to * Provide its employees with incentives and opportunities for professional growth and advancement * Provide its employees with just and competitive wages, and benefits that improve their living conditions and incentives * Guarantee fairness, equal handling and opportunity and avoid discriminatory practices and * Provide suitable and safe functional conditions to protect employees from avoidable injury and illness in the workplace. . Its Investors are its principals, and therefore, the corporate trust they have placed in the fraternity must be honoured. The alliance has the responsibility to * Apply professional and diligent management to ensure the mo winary viability of the companion and maintain a fair and competitive growth for its investors and * conserve and enhance its investors assets, and fulfil and safeguard their interest. 4. The Suppliers and Creditors are its business partners and, therefore, the relationship with them must be based on mutual respect and benefit.The company has the responsibility to * Foster long-term stability, direct relation and continuous training with suppliers to polish off quality, competitiveness, process efficiency and exercise reliability * Seek fairness, truthfulness, integrity and transparence in all of its business dealings with them and * Seek encourage and pick out suppliers whose business practices respect human dignity and the environment. . The Competitors are its catalyst toward go along service excellence and, therefore, the competition with them should be fair and honest, a fundamental requirement for national development in the distribution of products and services to the community. The Company has the responsibility to * Promote behaviour that demonstrates mutual respect among c ompetitors and * Maintain the highest level of business ethics and integrity. . The Community is its business environment and the society it serves. The Company has the responsibility to * Uphold and maintain at all time the highest standards of business ethics * Fulfil with dedication and commitment its social responsibilities * Undertake activities that nurture and contribute to the economic and social development of the country 7.Employ proactive measures and work with the government and non-government institutions in activities to serve society towards a hoard upive benefit. * friend the government in its efforts and programs in its efforts and programs towards raising investor confidence, developing the capital market, and ensuring high fuck offed economic growth by means of broad(a) corporate governance. look on and comply at all clock with the orders, rules and regulations of the government, its agencies and instrumentalities, in the pursuit of its hit objectives and otherwise corporate endeavors * Institutionalize sound environmental practices in coaction with the concerned government agencies and encourage other corporations/organizations to support all programs for an in force(p) environmental management system. SUBSIDIARIES AND AFFILIATES * Meralco Powergen Corporation (MPG) * Clark Electric Distribution Corporation (CEDC) * r Telecoms, Inc. * Meralco Financial Services Corporation (FINSERVE) Lighthouse Overseas Insurance hold in (LOIL) * Meralco Energy, Inc. (MEI) * Rockwell Land Corporation (ROCKWELL) * Republic Surety and Insurance Company, Inc. (RSIC) CONSOLIDATED mo plunderary STATEMENTS MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION celestial latitude 31 2010 2009 (amounts in millions) plusS Current Assets hard currency and Cash equivalents Php 24,370. 00 Php 17,068. 00 Trade and other collectibles gelt 25,609. 00 21,600. 0 Inventories at cut back salute or terminate manageable value 2,043. 00 1,857. 00 Land and development be at lower of cost or cabbage realizable value 1,708. 00 1,191. 00 Other ac acknowledgemented assets 2,027. 00 2,969. 00 pith CURRENT ASSETS 55,757. 00 44,685. 00 Non legitimate Assets Utility plant and others plunder 101,009. 00 98,231. 0 Construction in maturate 2,241. 00 3,627. 00 Investments in associates and a joint pretend 321. 00 1,203. 00 Investments properties net 8,037. 00 8,021. 00 Deferred pass through fuel costs 1,222. 00 3,161. 00 Deferred tax assets net 42. 00 17. 00 Other obsolescent assets net 10,339. 0 13,184. 00 TOTAL NONCURRENT ASSETS 123,211. 00 127,444. 00 Php 178,968. 00 Php 172,129. 00 LIABILITIES AND blondness Current Liabilities Notes Payable Php 149. 00 Php 513. 00 Trade standables and accrued disbursals 31,138. 00 28,261. 00 Income tax payable 413. 00 133. 00 Customers pay back 7,131. 0 9,147. 00 Current portion of in terest bearing long-term pecuniary liabilities 5,574. 00 4,069. 00 TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES 44,405. 00 42,123. 00 Noncurrent Liabilities Interest-bearing long-term fiscal liabilities net of current portion 15,498. 00 17,234. 00 Customers deposits net of current portion 23,761. 00 25,063. 0 Deposits from pre-selling of condominium units 741. 00 343. 00 Deferred tax liabilities net 3,322. 00 4,230. 00 Long-term employee benefits 9,547. 00 10,987. 00 supplys 12,875. 00 7,492. 00 Advances for construction net of current portion 3,271. 00 2,989. 00 Other noncurrent liabilities 2,352. 0 522. 00 TOTAL NONCURRENT LIABILITIES 71,367. 00 68,860. 00 TOTAL LIABILITIES 115,772. 00 110,983. 00 Equity ascribable to Equity Holders of the Parent Common Stock 11,273. 00 11,273. 00 Subscriptions receivable (738. 00) (960. 00) Additional paid-in capital 4,111. 0 4,112. 00 Excess of Acquisition cost over carrying value of non-controlling interest acquir ed (328. 00) (328. 00) Employee shared-based payment plan 743. 00 569. 00 Unrealized fair value bring ins on available-for-sale investments 96. 00 71. 00 Share in cumulative translation adjustment of a subsidiary and an associate 12. 00 684. 0 Retained earnings Appropriated 6,000. 00 4,198. 00 Unappropriated 37,800. 00 37,750. 00 Equity Attributable to Equity Holders of the Parent 58,969. 00 57,369. 00 Non-controlling interests 4,227. 00 3,777. 00 TOTAL EQUITY 63,196. 00 61,146. 00 Php 178,968. 00 Php 172,129. 00 MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME Years Ended celestial latitude 31 2010 2009 (amounts in millions, leave out per share data) REVENUES Sale of electricity 239,077. 00 178,686. 00 Sale or real state 3,375. 00 2,877. 00 Sale of contracts, services and others 3,009. 00 2,987. 00 245,461. 0 184,550. 00 EXPENSES (INCOME) Purchased power 200,916. 00 150,928. 00 Operations and maintenance 15,711. 00 13,611. 00 derogation and amortization 6,219. 00 5,064. 00 Provision for presumable charges and expenses from claims 5,750. 00 3,351. 00 Cost of real estate sell 2,640. 00 2,230. 0 Interest and other financial income (2,690. 00) (4,246. 00) Cost of services 1,996. 00 1,803. 00 Provision (reversal of provision) for probable losses from refund net (1,632. 00) (1,179. 00) Interest and other financial charges 493. 00 3,328. 00 Equity in net earnings of associates and a joint dissemble (283. 00) (245. 0) Accretion of present value jounce on customers refund 225. 00 555. 00 unknown exchange losses (gains) net 51. 00 (266. 00) Taxes, fees and permits 974. 00 421. 00 Others 654. 00 216. 00 231,024. 00 175,571. 00 INCOME BEFORE INCOME task 14,437. 00 ,979. 00 PROVISION FOR (BENEFIT FROM) INCOME TAX Current 5,233. 00 3,218. 00 Deffered (913. 00) (595. 00) 4,320. 00 2,623. 00 NET INCOME Php 10,117. 00 Php 6,356. 00 MA NILA ELECTRIC COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF notes FLOW 2010 2009 (Amounts in Millions) CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Php 14,437. 0 Php 8,979. 00 Income forrader income tax Adjustments for Depreciation and amortization 6,219. 00 5,064. 00 Provision for probable charges and expenses from claims 5,750. 00 3,351. 00 Interest and other financial income (2,690. 00) (4,246. 00) Interest and other financial charges 493. 0 3,328. 00 Provision (reversal of provision) for probable losses from refund net (1,632. 00) (1,179. 00) Loss on disposal of utility-grade plant and others net 1,033. 00 Provision for in question(predicate) accounts, net of recoveries 982. 00 886. 00 Cost of guaranteed service levels pay-out 388. 00 216. 0 Loss from disposal of investment 46. 00 Equity in net earnings of associates and a joint venture (283. 00) (245. 00) Present value impact on customers refund 225. 00 555. 00 Employee share-based payments 174. 00 301. 00 Reversal of write-down of neckcloth to net realizable value (3. 0) (41. 00) Gain on disposal of investment property (4. 00) benefaction of investment property 2. 00 Foreign exchange loss (gain) 51. 00 (266. 00) Operating income befor work capital changes 25,412. 00 16,749. 00 Decrease ( maturation) in Trade and other receivables (10. 0) 15,601. 00 Inventories (130. 00) (168. 00) Land and development costs (517. 00) (531. 00) Deferred pass-through fuel costs 1,939. 00 631. 00 Other current assets 955. 00 (1,854. 00) Increase (decrease) in Trade payables and accrued expenses 41. 0 8,798. 00 Customers refund (2,241. 00) (2,889. 00) Customers deposits 1,298. 00 2,913. 00 Deposits from pre-selling of condominium units 398. 00 307. 00 Long-term employee benefits (1,424. 00) (1,555. 00) purvey (140. 0) (4,935. 00) loot bills generated from operations 25,311. 00 33,067. 00 Income tax paid (4,953. 00) (3,797. 00) Net c ash flows generated from operating activities 20,358. 00 29,270. 00 CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Additions to Construction in progress (5,769. 00) (7,914. 0) Utility plant and others (2,741. 00) (187. 00) Intangibles (300. 00) (127. 00) Investments properties (110. 00) (662. 00) Interest and other financial income acquire 1,058. 00 1,332. 00 yield from Return of investment 752. 0 administration of utility plant and others 82. 00 Disposal of investment property 28. 00 Settlement of deliverable currency forwards 5. 00 Dividends stock from associates 96. 00 445. 00 Dividends paid by subsidiaries attributable to non-controlling interests (15. 00) Decrease ( summation) in Other noncurrent assets 622. 0 (1,657. 00) Other receivables Net cash used in invest activities (6,292. 00) (8,770. 00) CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Proceeds from Interest-bearing long-term financial liabilities, net of issue costs 10,528. 00 12,398. 00 Not es payable 380. 00 2,936. 00 Collection of subscriptions receivable 222. 0 445. 00 Payments of Interest-bearing long-term financial liabilities (10,748. 00) (8,295. 00) Dividends (6,187. 00) (2,820. 00) Interest and other financial charges (2,044. 00) (1,524. 00) Notes payable (744. 00) (12,251. 00) Stock transaction costs (1. 0) Increase(decrease) in other noncurrent liabilities 1,830. 00 277. 00 Net cash flow used in financing activities (6,764. 00) (8,834. 00) NET development IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 7,302. 00 11,666. 00 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT commencement OF YEAR 17,068. 00 5,402. 00 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR Php 24,370. 0 Php 17,068. 00 MANILA ELECTRIC COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES symmetry ANALYSIS 2010 2009 TEST OF fluidity A. Current Ratio = Current Assets Current Liabilities = 55757. 00 44685. 00 44405. 00 17234. 00 = 1. 26 1. 06 B. Acid-test Ratio = Cash + Short-term investments +receivables (net) Curren t Liabilities = 49979. 00 3048. 00 44405. 00 17234. 00 = 1. 13 0. 18 C. Receivables turnover = Net credit gross revenue medium net receivables = 245461. 00 184550. 00 36409. 00 36409. 00 = 6. 74 5. 07 clean Collection detail = 365 days receivable turnover = 365 days 365 days 6. 74 5. 07 = 54. 15 days 72. 01 D. Inventory turnover = COGS Average inventory = 221263. 00 168572. 00 2971. 50 2971. 50 = 74. 46 times 56. 73 TEST OF SOLVENCY A. Debt to radical assets ratio = add up debt core assets = 115772. 00 110,983. 00 178968. 00 172,129. 00 = 0. 65 0. 64 B. Times interest earned = Income sooner income taxes and interest expense interest expense = 14,437. 0 8979. 00 493. 00 3328. 00 = 29. 28 2. 70 TEST OF PROFITABILITY A. Profit Margin = Net income Net gross revenue = 10,117. 00 6356. 00 245,461. 00 184550. 00 = 4% 3% B. Asset Turnover = Net gross sales Average as sets = 245,461. 00 175,548. 50 = 1. 40 C. Return on assets = Net Income Average Assets = 10,117. 00 175,548. 50 = 6% D. Return on reciprocal shareowners equity = Net income Average common stockholders equity = 10,117. 00 11,273. 00 = 90% E. Earnings per share = Net Income plodding middling common shares outstanding = 10,117. 00 1,127. 00 = 8. 98 F. Price-earnings ratio = Market harm per share of stock earnings per share = 10 8. 62 = 1. 16 G. Pay-out Ratio = Cash Dividends Net income = 7,834. 00 10,117. 00 = 77. 43 ANALYSIS HORIZONTAL AND steep ANALYSIS REVENUES For the year end December 31, 2010 MERALCO procured a Php245, 461 million revenues, 33. 0% high than previous year revenues worth(predicate) Php184, 550 million. Sales from the three major operating segments growing during the year 2010 with the power distribution as the top performing operating segments. Php178,686 mi llion sales from electricity was a 96. 82% of Php184,550 million. EXPENSES Expenses for the year 2010 amounted to Php231,024 million was change magnitude by Php55,453 million or 31. 58% cod to higher purchased power that was change magnitude by 33. 12%. In support to this, purchased power got 86. 97% of the issue forth Php231,024 worth of expenses. NET INCOME Php10,117 million net worth of income of 2010 was 59. 7% higher than 2009 its because of the higher sales of electricity for the year 2010. Eventhough the net income for the year 2010 is just a 4. 12% of the quantity sales the company still achieved its higher net income comparison to 2009. CURRENT ASSETS As of December 31, 2010, the Companys consolidated cash and cash equivalents amounted to Php24,370 million, Php7,302 million or 42. 78% higher compared with the balance of Php17,068 million of December 31, 2009. In addition, cash and cash equivalents achieved 13. 62% of its Php178,968 million total assets. This is due to a higher average army period from 29 days to 24 days.Other increase in current assets whitethorn be due to higher sales for the year 2010. CURRENT LIABILITIES Current liabilities had increase by 5. 42% or Php2,282 million by the year stop December 31, 2010 with trade payables and accrued expenses having the highest increase worth Php2,877 million, achieving 20. 52% of its total liabilities. Decreases in the current liabilities was due to payments of some payables and some customers refund. NONCURRENT ASSETS Most of the noncurrent assets had decreased by the year 2010, this is due completion of major electric projects and due to consumption of fuel gas.NONCURRENT LIABILITIES A total of Php4,789 million increase in noncurrent liabilities of the company may due to issuance of long term obligations that could result in an increase in working capital. This increase was due to pre-termination of some loan deposits received from units sold on instalment contracts. EQUITY The employee sh ared-based payment plan had increased by 31% as of December 31, 2010. This is due to recognition of the commissariat of PFRS2, Shared-based Payments related to Employee Stock Puchase Plan. And a decrease of 98. 5% of the share in cumulative translation adjustment of a subsidiary and an associate was resulted from the feed of capital related to the Companys investment in FPPC. RATIO ANALYSIS CURRENT RATIO A total of Php55,757 million worth of current assets definitely means a capability of the Company to pay its current liabilities worth Php44,045. This means a 1. 26 current ratio is an indicator of a slightly strong financial position. ACID-TEST RATIO A 1. 131 acid-test ratio of the company simply portrays that its most suave assets can settle its current liabilities. RECEIVABLE TURNOVERThe Company can collect its receivables 6. 74 times in a year with an average of 54. 15 days or less than two months collection period. This situation is booming to the companys present position. INVENTORY TURNOVER As inventory is being concern, the company is efficient in managing its inventories. A 74. 46 times inventory turnover is a proof of the latter statement. It is not excessively high nor too low indicating a better liquidity. DEBT TO TOTAL ASSET RATIO More than half of the companys assets are financed through the companys debts. This is proven by a 0. 65 ratio of debt to total asset.TIMES INTEREST EARNED Since the earnings of the company, Php14,437, is higher than its total interest expense, Php493, the company has the capability to settle its debts. Getting a 30. 28 ratio means that the company is able to meet its interest obligations because its earnings is significantly greater than its annual interest obligations. PROFIT MARGIN Compare to 2009 avail margin of 3%, the company got 4% profit margin which indicates that the revenue earned, Php245, 461million by the company was effectively born-again into actual profit, Php10,117 million, despite of Php231, 02 4 total expenses .ASSET TURNOVER The 1. 4 asset turnover ratio of 2010 is relatively higher than 2009 meaning despite of Php178,968 million total assets the company still gained a total revenue of Php245,461 million with a total net profit of Php10,117 million meaning the company is efficiently utilizing its assets to produce a prosperous profit. RETURN ON ASSETS The company has a total 6% return on assets of 2010 which is 2% higher than 4% return on assets of 2009 indicates that the company can make an intelligent choice on how to spend its coin on new assets. RETURN ON COMMON STOCKHOLDERS EQUITYA 6% increase in return on common stockholders equity simply indicates that the company is generating profits on its common stock investment meaning it is generating an income for the benefit of common stockholders. EARNINGS PER dower With an 8. 62 earnings per share which is higher than the 2009 EPS, 5. 74, the company is getting a higher earnings, meaning a strong financial position. P RICE-EARNINGS RATIO The 1. 16 price-earnings mean that investors are ready to pay 10 times earnings. The company has a chance in getting numerous investors. PAY-OUT RATIO A 77. 3% of the total Php7834 can be paid back to shareholders. Investors depart increase its confidence to the company. CONCLUSION MERALCO is the Philippines largest electric power distribution company, with franchise service area covering 9,337 square kilometers. It provides power to 4. 8 million customers in 31 cities and 80 municipalities, which include the whole of Metro Manila, the provinces of Rizal, Cavite and Bulacan, and parts of Pampanga, Batangas, Laguna and Quezon. Business establishments in the franchise area account for closely 46% of the countrys Gross Domestic Product or GDP.The Company registered consolidated revenues for the year cease December 31, 2010 amounted to P=245,461 million, 33% higher compared with the P=184,550 million for the same period last year. Sales from all operating segments increased during the year with the highest registered by power distribution. The increase in electricity spending is attributable to (i) increased number of customers crossways all customer classes, (ii) growth in various industries as restocking activities cartoon after the global economic crisis, (iii) unusually warmer temperature during the first half of the year and, (iv) election spendings.Sales from electricity amounted to P=239,077 million, an increase of P=60,391 million, or 34%, from P=178,686 million for the year ended December 31, 2009. fused costs and expenses amounted to P=231,024 million for the year ended December 31,2010, P=55,453 million higher than the P=175,571 million last year, primarily due to higher purchased power costs, increased provision for doubtful accounts, accrual for compensation and employee benefits. The 2010 consolidated full year results reflect higher recurring net income compared with 2009 mainly as a result of increased volume of energy sol d.Revenues generated from power distribution amounted to P=239,164 million for the year ended December 31, 2010, higher by 34% compared with P=178,752 million in 2009. Pass-through charges increased by P=48,442 million, or 33% to P=195,435 million compared with P=146,993 million in 2009, as a result of higher average generation charge during the year, partially offset by the decrease in the average recoverable system loss charge to P=11,567 million from P=16,108 million. Costs and expenses of the power distribution segment increased by P=55,211 million, or 32%, to P=225,905 million in 2010 compared with P=170,694 million in 2009.For the year ended December 31, 2010, purchased power costs amounted to P=200,916 million, an increase of 33% from P=150,928 million in 2009 brought about by the higher electricity consumption particularly from the industrial customers and increased in average purchased power cost per kWh. Operations and maintenance expense increased by P=2,100 million, or 1 5%, to P=15,711 million for the year ended December 31, 2010 compared with P=13,611 million for the year ended December 31, 2009 brought about by the increases in salaries and wages and provision for doubtful accounts.MERALCOs liquidity increased as the current and quick ratio rose in 2010. On the other hand, the companys collection of receivables had dropped down from 72 days of 2009 to 54 days of 2010. This means the company is having a good turnover when it comes to it receivables. in this connection, the company achieved the 74. 46 times of inventory turnover that resulted to a higher sales. 0. 65 debt to total asset ratio and 30. 28 times interest earned proved that the company is solvent and able to meet its interest obligations.Revenue earned was effectively converted into actual profit despite of a higher total cost of expenses still the company gained a 59% increase in net income. As far as asset is concern, the company is efficiently utilizing its asset that resulted to a favourable profit. And because of the increase, we can say that the company is profitable and this could gain the trust of shareholders and may attract investors. RECOMMENDATION MERALCOs total performance could be the basis of prospective investors to invest and it could be the reason why present stockholders will stretch forth to do business with the company.A favourable increase in sales as well as the increase in net income may not be an indicator of a total good performance of a company. The management should still preserve its good turnover on assets and inventories to preserve its stockholders and the legacy that MERALCO had started ever since. The company should sustain its good performance since its the number one electricity supplier here in the Philippines. The service should be enhanced and be ameliorate as well. Customers refund should be minimized as well as the receivables.The company should think of a better way of reducing refunds and receivables without sacrificin g its service and trust of the customers. Assets should continue to increase and be utilized in the right manner. Acquiring of assets should be done in the right time so that the company will not run into in paying its unwanted debts. Continuous improvement and innovation when it comes to service is highly recommended for the company to hold its present position in the market. MERALCO should continue to give light and power to the entire archipelago.

Crooks Of Mice and Men Essay

George Milton-I been mean, aint I?  George is a intimately friend to Lennie. He protects him and does what is necessary to keep him out of trouble. -If I was wholly I could live so easy  Lennie is a burden to George -I want you to stay with me, Lennie George  conveys Georges retirementLennie Sm every last(predicate)-paws  animalistic quality endure-all you can ever remember is them rabbits George. Lennie represents idealism and optimism in the American dream. rabbits symbol of freedom and peace of mind. -hes jus like a kid Slim  describes him perfectly -why do you got to get killed? Lennie no understanding of actions or consequences. its mean here Lennie too innocent to recognise with harsh environment -hallucination of Aunt Clare main moral figure in his life. Tells him between right and wrong and about consequence.Crooks/Racism-crooks  nickname ascribable to injury. Name given to him by otherwise ranchers dominance, possession (slavery) -California cultu cherry-red Code for 1905 had aspirations once of being successful. Educated individual. ( had books) 1905 tho 25 geezerhood out of dates  shows futility of his situation. -crooks was a proud, aloof man Steinbeck does not aim to pervert/generalize Crooks. Hes 3 dimensional knows his worth. BUT has no power to change his fate. -location of Crooks in ranch (barn) symbolizes his distance the other men. explicitly segregation, metaphorically emotional distance/loneliness -theyll tie ya up with a collar, like a dog-Crooks. When Crooks finally finds someone weaker than him, he feels he must destroy them. Relates to his own oppression. Suffering leads to cruelty. -difficult for Crooks to conceal his fun with anger shows his desperation for contact. He has become hardened by his discommode but lets his guard down at condemnations. -drew into himself  crooks forces to accept his oppression. impotent in his fate.Curleys Wife/Women-that gloves in force(p)a Vaseline Candy ( Curleys mark of dominance over his wife shes an object to him, a trophy. AND clear warning to other men) -Curleys wife no name. dehumanization.-fingernails were red  symbol of danger, conjure upuality, blood, passion. Stoplight She will be cause of danger ulterior in novel. -rolled clusters, like sausages > childlike, nave little girl. Contrasts with red. -heavily make up  suggest shes hiding the true here. Underneath heighten there is hidden personality loneliness, desperate, need, kindness. Puts on front of sexuality and flirtatiousness. also conveys men on the ranch only care about sex from women. -what a tramp George hypocritical view towards women. Has sex with prostitutes but calls her a tart??? da fuq + Objectification. Ironic cuz what she really wants is human contact not sex. The men dont even consider that she could have more complexity other than wanted a man physically. -ranch is a old environment.-I get lonely Curleys wife (mask taken off, complexity re vealed)Candy-Him and his disability aid in themes of minority, oppression, and loneliness. -the swamper warmed to his gossip he needs a distraction from his own, unsatisfying life.Friendshipstayed behind the other  symbolizes how they always protect each other we got somebody to talk to splendour of friendship, especially at times of hardship. Human contact takes away lonelinessLoneliness/Isolationa guy goes nuts if he aint got nobody Crookssuppose you aint got nobody Crooks > close ironic Crooks doesnt realize that allone is alone in this environment. His offend consumes and blinds him, he isnt the only one whos feeling it.The American hallucination-you give me a good whore house every time > although they want to achieve their dream, they waste their money on prostitutes and booze. Cycle of pain and desperation, a temporary void of loneliness and boredom that has to be filled. -every damn on of ems got a little plot of land of land in his head Crooks > Crooks know s reality of American Dream. Faced this for long long time due to racism. -they left all the weak ones here Curleys wife  themes of novella come full circle. Oppression of minorities.

Cedar Fair Entertainment Company Essay

Fun Spot Amusement commons & zoological garden was a family amusement greens located in Angola, Indiana, USA. Although it was small in comparison to pose in neighboring states, such as cedarwood Point and Michigans Adventure, it remained one of the most popular parks in the region. It also once boasted the entirely operating roller coaster (Afterburner) with an inversion in the state of Indiana Fun Spot boasts that it is one of only a few amusement centers in the nation that offers multi-level cement posture tracks four separate tracks.In addition to go-carts, there are bumper cars, bumper boats, a number of other(a) thrill rides and the childrens section known as Kid Spot. The Kid Spot section includes a small roundabout the Frog Hopper, a ride that drops its riders in small increments and then bounces spur up a kiddies swing a kiddies train and other rides. Fun-Spot Fun Park began as a small amusement park in 1985, with nothing more than a merry-go-round, a slide, po ny rides, and an shabu cream stand, Fun-Spot grew into a popular family attraction with 20 rides, a restaurant, and an exterior performing arts theater.My wife, Gail, and I didnt know what we were getting into, commented Ron Hart, the owner. We moreover knew that weekenders coming to the lakes in our rural area represented an untapped market. Today, thousands of visitors hatful to Fun-Spotfamilies, children of all ages, steady senior citizens who enjoy strolling through the gardens and arbor At Fun Spot, elementary school age children, teenagers and parents, will find luck of fun and thrills at this mini-amusement park that packs a lot of excitement into a very small area..Theres something here for everyone, Gail Hart says. loads of companies hold annual company picnics here. We have welcomed class field trips. And we even had one wedding here at the park Heres the funny thing, Ron chime in. We really dont know wherefore weve been so successful There is nothing else like F un-Spot Fun Park in the area. We were just lucky. I think its the ambience of the park, Gail added, that has brought so many visitors.We provide a total package of entertainment. Plus, we try to form our rides and various attractions from time to time. Ron and Gail Hart admitted that making every visitor golden is a priority. That has always been our philosophy, they said. And weve always been able to deliver on that because weve neer allowed ourselves to grow too big too quickly.

Volume Variety Matrix

Volume- multifariousness and design In Chapter 1 the four Vs of trading operations were described. These were meretriciousness, variety, variation and visibility. The first two of these volume and variety atomic number 18 speci anyy important when considering design issues in operations attention. non but do they commonly go together (high variety commonly centre minor volume, high volume normally means minuscule variety) but together they likewise impact on the nature of yieldions and run and swear outes which aver them. The volume and variety of an operations activities are particularly influential in determining the way it thinks about its answerance objectives.The approach pattern be number one illustrates how the definitions of quality, speed, reli competency, tractability and price are influenced by the volume-variety thought of the operation. pic persona Quality in a low volume-high variety process much(prenominal)(prenominal) as an architects prac tice, for example, is largely touch on with the final aesthetic appearance of the mental synthesis and the take into accountness of its detailed design. In an exceptionally high volume-low variety process, much(prenominal) as an galvanisingity supply troupe, quality is exclusively concerned with error-free overhaul electricity must be constantly gettable in the crystalise form (in legal injury of voltage, frequency, etc. . The gist of quality has shifted from being concerned primarily with the performance and specification of the product or service towards harmony to a pre specify standard, as we move from low volume-high variety operations finished to high volume-low variety operations. press forward Speed for the architects practice means negotiating a completion date with each client, based on the clients admits and the architects estimates of how much constitute is affect in each project. Speed is taken to its extreme in the electricity utility where speed means literally instant li rattling.No electricity company could ask its customers to wait for their deli rattling of electricity. Speed therefore means an individualisticly negotiated delivery time in low volume-high variety operations, but moves towards meaning instant delivery in almost high volume-low variety operations. Dep break offability Dep restability in processes such as the architects practice means keeping to each individually negotiated delivery date. In continuous operations, dependability often means the availability of the service itself. A dependable electricity supply is one which is always there.So dependability has moved from meaning on-time delivery in low volume-high variety operations to availability in high volume-low variety operations. Flexibility Flexibility in low volume-high variety processes such as the architects practice means the ability to design many varied kinds of buildings according to its clients various invitements. With the electricity comp anys process, the need for product flexibility has disappeared entirely (electricity is electricity, more or less) but the ability to meet almost instantaneous quest changes by volume flexibility is vital if the company is to maintain supply.Flexibility has moved from meaning product flexibility in low volume-high variety operations to volume flexibility in high volume-low variety operations. salute Cost, in terms of the social unit price per product or service, varies with both(prenominal) the volume of railroad siding of the operation and the variety of products or function it aims. The variety of products or services in low-volume operations is relatively high, which means that running the operation go out be expensive beca physical exercise of the flexible and high skill levels employed. Further, because the volume of produce is relatively low, a few products or services are pushchair the operations high cost base.Also, and more signifi open firetly for the operatio n, the cost of each product or service is different. At the other end of the scale, high-volume operations usually produce similar products or services, output is high, so that whatever the base cost of the operation, it is shared among a high subdue of products or services. Cost per unit of output is therefore usually low for operations such as the electricity utility but, more meaning(a)ly, the cost of producing one second of electricity is the same as the next second. Cost is relatively constant. Copyright 1995-2010, Pearson Education, Inc. Legal and Privacy Terms pic pic pic pic LINE. When product requirement is high enough, the appropriate process is the crowd line. Often, this process (along with continuous both are in the lower-right quadrant of the intercellular substance) is referred to as mass production. Laborers broadly perform the same operations for each production run in a standard and hopefully uninterrupted come down. The assembly line treats all outputs as elementaryally the same.Firms characterized by this process are generally heavily automated, utilizing special-purpose equipment. Frequently, some form of conveyor system connects the various pieces of equipment used. There is usually a fixed hatful of inputs and outputs, constant throughput time, and a relatively continuous flow of work. Because the product is standardized, the process can be also, following the same travel guidebook from one operation to the next. Routing, scheduling, and control are facilitated since each individual unit of output does not harbour to be monitored and controlled.This also means that the managers drag of control can increase and less skilled workers can be utilized. The product created by the assembly-line process is discrete that is, it can be visually counted (as opposed to continuous processes which produce a product that is not course divisible). Almost everyone can think of an example of assembly-line manufacturing (automobile manufactur ing is probably the most obvious). Examples of assembly lines in services are car washes, class registration in universities, and many fast food operations.Because the work-in-process equipment is take formd and sequenced according to the steps involved to produce the product and is frequently connected by some dissever of conveyor system, it is characterized as flowing in a line. Even though it may not be a straight line (some regulars utilize a U-shaped assembly line) we say that it has a connected line flow. Also, unattackables in the lower-right quadrant (line and continuous) are classified as having a product layout. day-and-night manufacturing involves lot-less production wherein the product flows continuously earlier than being divided. A basic material is passed through successive operations (i. e. refining or processing) and in the end emerges as one or more products. This process is used to produce exceedingly standardized outputs in extremely large volumes. The pr oduct course is usually so narrow and passing standardized that it can be characterized as a commodity. Considerable capital investment is required, so demand for continuous process products must be extremely high. Starting and stopping the process can be prohibitively expensive. As a result, the processes usually run 24 hours a day with minimum downtime (hence, continuous flow). This also allows the inviolable to spread their enormous fixed cost over as large a base as realistic.The routing of the process is typically fixed. As the material is processed it usually is transferred automatically from one part of the process to the next, frequently with self-monitoring and adjusting. Labor requirements are low and usually involve only monitoring and maintaining the machinery. Typical examples of industries utilizing the continuous process include gas, chemicals, electricity, ores, rubber, petroleum, cement, paper, and wood. Food fabricate is also a heavy user of continuous proces sing specially water, milk, wheat, flour, sugar and spirits.Read more Product-Process matrix strategy, organization, system, examples, manager, company, business, competitiveness, system http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Product-Process-Matrix. htmlixzz24d4V1uTD pic pic apply THE MATRIX The product-process matrix can facilitate the gaining of the strategic options available to a company, particularly with regard to its manufacturing function. A firm may be characterized as occupying a particular region in the matrix, determined by the stages of the product life cycle and its choice of production process(es) for each individual product.By incorporating this dimension into its strategic planning process, the firm encourages more creative view about organizational competence and competitive advantage. Also, use of the matrix provides a natural way to involve manufacturing managers in the planning process so they can relate their opportunities and decisions m ore effectively with those of marketing and of the corporation itself, all the enchantment leading to more informed predictions about changes in fabrication and the firms appropriate strategic responses. Each process choice on the matrix has a unique set of characteristics.Those in the upper-left field quadrant of the matrix (job betray and batch) share a number of characteristics, as do those in the lower-right quadrant (assembly line and continuous). Upper-left firms employ highly skilled craftsmen (machinists, printers, as welll and die take formrs, melodious instrument craftsmen) and professionals (lawyers, doctors, CPAs, consultants). Hence upper-left firms can be characterized as labor intensive. Since upper-left firms range to utilize general-purpose equipment, are seldom at 100 portion capacity, and employ workers with a wide range of skills, they can be very flexible.However, there is a problematic trade-off between ability and flexibility of operations. Most job shops tend to emphasize flexibility over efficiency. Since efficiency is not a strong point of upper-left firms, neither is low-cost production. Also, the low volume of production does not allow upper-left firms to spread their fixed cost over a wide enough base to provide for trim costs. Finally, upper-left firms are also more likely to serve local markets. Lower-right firms require production facilities that are highly vary, capital intensive, and interrelated (therefore, inflexible).Labor requirements are generally unskilled or semi-skilled at most. Much of the labor requirement deals with save monitoring and maintaining equipment. Lower-right firms are also more likely to serve internal markets and can be vertically integrated. Hayes and Wheelwright relate deuce-ace areas affected by the use of the product-process matrix distinctive competence, management, and organization. DISTINCTIVE COMPETENCE. characteristic competence is defined as the resources, skills, and organiza tional characteristics that give a firm a comparative advantage over its competitors.Simply put, a distinctive competence is the characteristic of a given product that causes the buyer to purchase it rather than the similar product of a competitor. It is generally accepted that the distinctive competencies are cost/price, quality, flexibility and service/time. By using the product-process matrix as a framework, a firm can be more finespun about its distinctive competence and can concentrate its attention on a restricted set of process decisions and alternatives and a restricted set of marketing alternatives.In our discussion, we have seen that the broad range of worker skills and the employment of general-purpose equipment give upper-left firms a large degree of flexibility while the highly specialized, high-volume environment of lower-right firms yields very little in the way of flexibility. Therefore, flexibility would be a highly appropriate distinctive competence for an upper-l eft firm. This is especially authorized when dealing with the need for flexibility of the product/service produced. Lower-right firms find it very difficult to sidetrack a high-volume operation because of an engineering change in the product.An entire line would have to be shut down while tooling or machinery is altered and large volumes of possibly obsolete work-in-process are accounted for. Upper-left firms, however, would have none of these problems with which to contend. It must be noted though that lower-right firms may take an advantage regarding flexibility of volume. Quality may be defined a number ways. If we define quality as reliability, hence lower-right firms could claim this as a distinctive competence. Lower-right firms would have the high volume necessary to pronto find and eliminate ugs in their product, yielding more reliability to the end user. However, if we define quality as quality of design (that is, bells and whistlesthings that embody status, such as lea ther seats in an automobile or a handcrafted musical instrument), then quality would be seen as a possible distinctive competence of upper-right firms. Service may also be defined in more ways than one. If one defines service as face to face interaction and personal attention, then upper-left firms could claim service as a distinctive competence. If service is defined as the ability to provide the product in a very short period of time (e. . , overnight), then service as a distinctive competence would belong to lower-right firms. Finally, call that high volume, economies of scale, and low cost are characteristics of firms in the lower-right quadrant of the matrix. Upper-left firms produce low volumes (sometimes only one) and cannot take advantage of economies of scale. (Imagine, for instance, what you would have to pay for a handcrafted musical instrument. ) Therefore, it is obvious that price or cost competitiveness is deep down the domain of lower-right firms. MANAGEMENT.In gen eral, the economics of production processes favor positions along the one-sided of the product-process matrix. That is, firms operate(a) on or close to the diagonal are expected to travel by firms choosing extreme off-diagonal positions. Hayes and Wheelwright provide the example of a firm positioned in the upper-right corner of the matrix. This would appear to be a commodity produced by a job shop, an option that is economically unfeasible. A firm positioned in the lower-left corner would represent a unique one-time product produced by a continuous process, again not a feasible option.Both examples are too far off the diagonal. Firms that find themselves too far off the diagonal invite trouble by impairing their ability to compete effectively. While firms operating in the near vicinity, but not exactly on the diagonal, can be niche players, positions farther away from the diagonal are difficult to justify. Rolls Royce makes automobiles in a job shop environment but they understan d the implications involved. Companies off the diagonal must be aware of traps it can decline in quality into and implications presented by their position. Also, a firms choice of roduct-process position places them to the right or left of competitors along the horizontal dimension of the matrix and above or under its competitors along the vertical dimension of the matrix. The strategic implications are obvious. Of course, a firms position on the matrix may change over time, so the firm must be aware of the implications and maintain the capability to deal with them appropriately. The matrix can provide powerful insights into the consequences of any planned product or process change. Use of the product-process matrix can also help a firm define its product.Hayes and Wheelwright relate the example of a specialized manufacturer of printed circuit boards who produced a low-volume, customized product using a highly connected assembly-line process. Obviously, this would place them in th e lower-left corner of the matrix not a desirable place to be. This knowledge forced the company to realize that what they were whirl was not really circuit boards after all, but design capability. So, in essence, they were mass-producing designs rather than the boards themselves. Hence, they were not far off the diagonal at all.ORGANIZATION. Firms organize different operating units so that they can specialize on die portions of the total manufacturing task while still maintaining overall coordination. Most firms pass on select two or more processes for the products or services they produce. For example, a firm may use a batch process to make components for products, which are constructed on assembly lines. This would be especially true if the work content for component production or the volume needed was not sufficient for the creation of a dedicated line process.Also, firms may need entraper facilities for different products or parts, or they may simply separate their product ion within the same facility. It may even be that a firm can produce the similar products through two different process options. For example, Fender Musical Instruments not only mass produces electric guitars (assembly line) but also offers customized versions of the same product through the Fender bespoke Shop (job shop). Again, the matrix provides a valuable framework for diagnostic use in these situations.OTHER USES OF THE PRODUCT-PROCESS MATRIX Additional uses of the matrix include Analyzing the product incoming and exit. Determining the appropriate mix of manufacturing facilities, identifying the key manufacturing objectives for each plant, and monitoring boost on those objectives at the corporate level. Reviewing investment decisions for plants and equipment in terms of their eubstance with product and process plans. Determining the direction and timing of major changes in a companys production processes. Evaluating product and market opportunities in light of the comp anys manufacturing capabilities. Selecting an appropriate process and product structure for entry into a new market. It should be noted that recent empirical research by Sohel Ahmad and Roger G. Schroeder found the proposed birth between product structure and process structure to be significant but not strong. In general terms, they found that as the product life cycle changes the process life cycle also shifts in the consistent direction, but not necessarily along the diagonal.Some 60 percent of the firms studied did not fall on the diagonal. The researchers propose that this occurred because new management and technological initiatives have eliminated or minimized some of the inherent trade-offs found on the Product-Process Matrix. They classify these initiatives as processing technology, product design and managerial practice (e. g. , TQM and JIT). Therefore, Ahmad and Schroeder recommend that the matrix be conceptualized as having three axes alternatively of two.They propose a n x-axis (product life cycle stages), a y-axis (process life cycle stages), and a z-axis that represents an organizations proactive effort towards adopting and implementing these innovative initiatives. As a firm moves away from the origin along the z-axis, it becomes able to minimize some of the trade-offs seen in the Product-Process Matrix framework. Read more Product-Process Matrix strategy, organization, system, examples, manager, company, business, competitiveness, system http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Product-Process-Matrix. h tmlixzz24d4lyOQ5 pic pic pic pic pic pic pic pic

The differences between goals and objectives

Abstr biteWhen clearly defined, goals and objectives open fire be used as study management strategies which in turn lead to the success of an organization. It is important to stemma that the differences between goals and objectives have important practical meanings. Hence, this paper pull up stakes shortly explain the differences between these two from the strategic management point of view. Differences between a goal and an objective Goals are extensive while objectives prevail to be narrow. This means that having bent grass important goals, one whitethorn force out on to objectives as they are much of sub goals.In other words, achieving whatever ring goal will require one to formulate a number of questions that will enable one reach their goals in each project. Therefore, these questions make up the objectives which are specific and narrow and which also act as a milestone that aids in achieving a set goal. Thus, goals can be tell from objectives as they have general i ntentions with objectives be much defined (Lewis, 1996). In addition, goals can also be differentiated from objectives as they are abstracts with objectives being more concrete.This means that goals are more of a summary with objectives bearing more details with regards to the abstracts. As well, the goals will only stipulate where one wants to be with objectives giving the steps unavoidable to get there or actions that will enable one be where they want to be. In turn, from the strategic management point of view, goals end up inde terminate as their intentions cannot be measured with objectives being measurable (Lewis, 1996). gain more, a goal can be said to be intangible asset while objectives may be tangible.This means that a goal is something that may be directed towards achieving non measurable tasks with objectives directed towards achieving measurable things. Moreover, the two can also be differentiated as they take different measure frames. For instance, goals tend to have longer time frames when compared to objectives. As well, since objectives are more precise and existing under a goal, they are mostly set to achieve certain targets with the time frame being short term (Lewis, 1996).